尋求道德秩序的重建：晚明大儒馮從吾的「講學」情結

依賴於陽明心學的崛起，肇始於孔子的「講學」傳統在中晚明時期達至鼎盛，並衍化成一場轟轟烈烈的道德教化運動。而有「關學集大成者」之稱，且與鄒元標並稱為「南鄒北馮」的馮從吾，以「願學陽明」為志向，力主「講學」以覺民行道，顯豁出濃鬱的「講學」情結。馮從吾拔擢「講學」地位至事關修德、維繫道統、關乎國運、定乎乾坤的層面，收縮「講學」內容至「孝悌仁義」的道德倫常領域，申明「講學」主旨在於躬行實踐，劃清與空談的界限，點出「講學」的終極目的在於道德秩序的重建。馮從吾以「講學」為匡時救世的路徑和方法，既是儒家道德自救傳統的體現，又是晚明興起的重建道德秩序思潮的具體展現，為我們從「講學」的維度審視和把握晚明的思想與社會打開一個全新的視角。

關鍵字

馮從吾；陽明心學；講學；道德秩序；重建

並列摘要

Relying on the rise of Yangming's Xin school, the ＂lecture＂ tradition reigning from Confucius reached its peak in the middle and late Ming Dynasty, and evolved into a vigorous moral education movement. Feng congwu, who was known as the ＂Guan school's epitomizing＂ and ＂South Zou North Feng＂ with Zou yuanbiao, was willing to ＂learn Yangming＂ as his ambition, and strived to put into practice by ＂lecture＂, expressed a strong ＂lecture＂ complex. Feng congwu promoted status of ＂lecture＂ to the level of cultivating morality, maintaining Confucian orthodoxy, related to the national fate and determining the universe; shrinked the content of ＂lecture＂ to the moral field, affirmed the ＂lecture＂ s gist was practicing and make clear With the boundary of bunkum, point at the ultimate goal of ＂lecture＂ was the reconstruction of moral order. Feng Congwu put ＂lecture＂ as the path and method of salving world, which was not only the manifestation of Confucian moral self-rescue tradition, but also a concrete manifestation of the rebuilding moral order in the late Ming Dynasty. This opened up a whole new perspective to grasp thought and society of the late Ming Dynasty from the ＂lecture＂.