從列維納斯的他者哲學論與不在場者的倫理關係

On the Relationship with the Absentee from the Perspective of Levinas's Philosophy of the Other

鄧元尉(Yuan-wei TENG)

《哲學與文化》 50卷4期 (2023/04) Pp. 85-100

摘要

大部分的倫理思考預設了他人的在場，本文則嘗試基於列維納斯的他者哲學來討論一種以「不在場」作為前提的倫理，論及他者作為不在場者與自我之間的倫理關係。本文以列維納斯的〈歷時性與再現〉一文為主軸，首先要藉由共時性與相互性這組概念來刻畫何謂在場的倫理，其次藉由歷時性與不對稱性來論述何謂不在場的倫理，並在他者之死的課題上予以開展，再據此反問自我作為道德主體的責任之所在。筆者嘗試指出，他者的「不可回憶的過去」與「無以預想的未來」兩個時間維度，幅聚在自我身上而揭露了「為他者死」的主體存在狀態，此一狀態強調了責任的獨特性，並透露出自我乃是作為倖存者而在一種時間錯置的處境中替代他者活在當下。

關鍵字

列維納斯 ； 他者 ； 不在場者 ； 死亡 ； 責任

並列摘要

Most ethical thinking presupposes the presence of the other. On the contrary, in the light of Levinas's philosophy of the other, especially take his "Diachrony and Representation" as the main text, I want to discuss an ethic with the premise of "absence," that is, the ethical relationship between the other as absentee and the self. In this article, firstly, I will characterize the ethic of presence through the concepts of synchrony and reciprocity; and secondly use the concepts of diachrony and asymmetry to discuss what is the ethic of absence. I attempt to develop this ethic of absence on the subject of the death of the other, and further investigate the responsibility of the self as a moral subject. Finally, I attempt to point out that the existential structure of subject could be disclosed in terms of the two temporal dimensions of "the immemorial past" and "the unexpected future" of the other which are gathered on the self. This structure emphasizes the uniqueness of my own responsibility, and reveals that, the presented self, as a survivor, is to substitutes for the other in a situation of anachronism.

並列關鍵字

Levinas ； The Other ； Absentee ； Death ； Responsibility

參考文獻

Levinas, Emmanuel. “Humanity is Biblical,” in Elisabeth Weber, etc. Questioning Judaism: Interviews by Elisabeth Weber. Trans. by Rachel Bowlby. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2004.

Levinas, Emmanuel. Entre Nous: On Thinking-of-the-Other. Trans. by Michael B. Smith and Barbara Harshav. New York: Columbia University Press, 1998.

Levinas, Emmanuel. Is It Righteous to Be?: Interviews with Emmanuel Levinas. Ed. by Jill Robbins. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 2001.

Levinas, Emmanuel. Otherwise than Being or Beyond Essence. Trans. by Alphonso Lingis. Pittsburgh: Duquesne University Press, 1981.

Levinas, Emmanuel. The Levinas Reader. Ed. by Seán Hand. Oxford: Blackwell Publishers Ltd, 1989.