鄒東廓“慎獨說”之衡定－以王陽明“良知教”為理論判準的說明

鄒東廓乃是陽明的弟子，關於其為學特色，劉蕺山曾云：「東廓以獨知為良知，以戒懼慎獨為致良知之功。」即東廓的為學宗旨，乃以「慎獨說」為主。然東廓的「慎獨說」若是得於陽明之真傳，是在何種立論層次上？又其「慎獨說」是否真能與陽明的「良知教」密合無間？以上兩個問題，是筆者想再進一步去思考與探究的。筆者試著以陽明的「良知教」做為理論判準的衡定結果，釐清了東廓的「慎獨說」主在思維方法的運用上與陽明相同，即兩人同主良知具備「體用一源」的特質。而東廓強調「修己以敬」的工夫義，此工夫亦是「慎獨說」的內涵之一。東廓對於「修己以敬」工夫的重視雖然有別於陽明的「良知教」，然此種距離乃是恰當的詮釋，因其工夫的論據乃根於良知本體，且因著此種重視亦豐富了陽明「良知教」的義理內涵。又東廓主重以「戒慎恐懼」去「致良知」的漸修工夫義，此種主張與陽明頓悟與漸修兼備的圓教範型實顯出分別。

關鍵字

鄒東廓；王陽明；慎獨說；良知教；體用一源；修己以敬

並列摘要

Tsou shoui is Wang yang ming's disciple. About his learning specialty, Liu Zong Zhou said ”Tsou shoui takes his know as conscience, use shendu for work to make conscience present.” Tsou shoui's main learing is shendu. Tsou shoui's shendu if handed down form yang ming, in what series? Tsou shoui's shendu if can match together for yang ming' conscience? These two questions is writer want to consider. Writer try to use yang ming' conscience as theory to judge. The result is Tsou shoui's shendu the same as yang ming in consider. These two persons decide that conscience has ”being and appearance belong to the same origin.” Tsou shoui emphasizes that people should to study hard to behave politely The work is contents of shendu. Tsou shoui emphasizes to study hard politely although differs yang ming' conscience. But this instruction is appropriate instruction. Because the work basis is form conscience and this stresses is also to make yang ming' conscience rish. Tsou shoui emphasizes to behave politely to make conscience present. This opinions differs yang ming's perfect teachings of suddenly realize and study hard slowly equally.