藝術與科學的融合：英國浪漫時期的天空習作

本文以英國浪漫時期十位創作天空習作較重要的畫家為對象，探討這些習作的時代背景，及這些畫家創作其習作的個別背景、動機、方法、風格、共通特色。提出四點最主要的時代因素：浪漫思潮普及－嚮往大自然；戶外速寫盛行－強調當場上色；氣象學興起－雲型態分類。倡導速寫天空的論述突增。且歸納出四點多數書家共通的特色：於早、中期創作天空習作，無晚年仍重視天空題材；多以粉彩、水彩或鉛筆創作，較少油彩；對氣象學或天文學有涉獵，以較科學客觀的態度觀察天空；常在畫作正、背面記載時間日期、天氣狀況，或以記號、數字、文字代表色彩或雲的型態。這些特色證實此時期的天空習作結合了科學的瞭解與觀察。

關鍵字

天空習作；雲；戶外速寫；氣象學；泰納；康斯塔伯；瓦利

並列摘要

This essay discusses two points concerning the sky studies of ten important British artists during the Romantic era. Firstly, the essay addresses the social, political and artistic background of these sky studies. Secondly, I shall examine how and why the artists depict the sky. There are four major causes stimulating the study of the sky: the pervasion of the Romantic spirit-loving nature; the popularity of sketching from nature-emphasizing to colour on the spot; the emergence of the meteorology-Howard's seven types of clouds; the abrupt increase of treatises on sky studies. An analysis of these sky studies, reveals not only the individual style of each artist, but also some traits shared by most artists. These traits include a lifelong concern with the sky, using chalk, pencil and watercolour and a search for verisimilitude, which necessitated careful observation of the sky, recording details such as weather, cloud patterns and colours. These traits demonstrate that the artists married an understanding of science with painting.

並列關鍵字

sky studies ； clouds ； sketching from nature ； meteorology ； J. M. W. Turner ； John Constable ； Cornelius Varley

參考文獻

Badt, Kurt,Stanley Godman(1950).(John constable's clouds).

Google Scholar

Baetjer, Katharine.,Rosenthal, Michael.,Nicholson, Kathleen.,Quaintance, Richard.,Daniels, Stephen.,Standring, Timothy(1993).(Glorious Nature: British Landscape Painting).