情境－組織／存放辭彙語義知識的恰當框架

作為符號系統的自然語言其最大特點，也是優點是它有一個組織與存放概念知識的邏輯框架，就是它的辭彙體系。自然語言靠它實現了凝聚、吸收、組織、存放概念知識的功能，從而使語言內部逐漸形成一個極其龐大複雜的概念知識體系。語言的這項功能是它另兩項功能，即實現交際的媒介與體現思維的實體，的基礎。自然語言的語義學必須再現語言的這三項基本功能及它們之間的關係，因此自然語言的語義學必須以它的辭彙語義學為核心與基礎。在這裹，語義詞典成了核心中的核心。詞語是概念的符號體現。概念產生於特定的認知圖式。概念，或標識它的詞語的義項，只有在產生它的特定圖式中才能描述、定義清楚。概念的使用則是在使用環境中對照、還原、引用產生它的圖式的過程。我們用情境做認知圖式的數學模型，把情境理論當作上述的辭彙語義學和建基於其上的語義學的統一理論的框架，於是得出情境理論的一系列新課題。本文討論其中的初步問題：用情境表示圖式，用概念定義情境，和用情境定義／描述概念，後者是重點；建立情境代數以刻畫情境問的關係、變換與運算，實現用代數演算體現概念思維，建立情境網以實現圖式的結構、概念的組織方式。側重點落在語義詞典的構成與組織方面。本文主要是使用實例說明做法，後面的文章將討論相關的數學理論。隨後還有一系列文章討論建設上述的辭彙語義學和其上的語義學的各方面問題，以及相伴的，作為理論依據的情境理論的建設。

關鍵字

概念；辭彙義；情境；情境代數；情境網；語義詞典；辭彙語義學

並列摘要

The characteristic and an advantage of natural language is that, as a symbolic system, it has an internal logical framework for organizing and positioning conceptual knowledge, which is its lexicon system. This framework implements the fundamental function of natural language to condense, absorb, organize and position conceptual knowledge, and creates progressively a very large and complex build-in knowledge system in the language. It is also the basis of the other two fundamental functions of natural language; i.e., it serves as a tool for communication and as a medium for conceptual thought. The natural language semantics should reproduce the basic framework of natural language in their theoretic realms to represent these three functions and their relationships. The lexical semantics thereby become their core. A word is the symbolic embodiment of a concept, and a concept is generated in a peculiar cognition scheme, which will be called its generating scheme. We cannot describe and define a concept clearly unless we put it into its generating scheme. Meanwhile, the implementation of the concept involves a procedure that contrasts, restores, and refers to its generating scheme in a special environment, which will be called its application scheme. We propose to use the situation as a mathematical model to describe a cognition scheme. Therefore, the situation theory can serve as a unified theoretical framework for constructing the lexical semantics and the natural language semantics built upon it, as mentioned above. Therefore, many new viewpoints are proposed. In this paper, only some elementary questions about them are discussed, including: 1) using a situation to express a scheme and using a situation to describe a concept (this is the key point of the paper); 2) formulating the situation algebra for describing relations, transformations, and operations for situations so as to simulate conceptual thinking by means of algebraic calculus; 3) constructing a situation network to implement a scheme structure and conceptual structure, where the key point is the constitution and organization of a semantic dictionary. We use some practical cases to illustrate these methods. The mathematical theory relevant to them will be presented in our future papers.