從《論語》探論孔子的天命思想

Confucius'destiny thought in the Analects

馬玉紅(Yu-Hong Ma)

《輔大中研所學刊》 16期 (2006/10) Pp. 111-127

https://doi.org/10.29444/JGICLDFJCU.200610.0006

摘要

孔子對天與命的問題，有其深刻體證，也深知上天賦予他傳道之職命，因此間顯出輝煌的「天命」內容。如此豐富的天命思想，何以子貢說：孔子罕言天道與命？孔子的天命觀包含「仁」、「德」「性命」……等多重意義。若要正確地瞭解孔子「天命」的真實義涵，是不能將天命僅作抽象名詞，而當被動理解。天命的意義，有個人證道的方式，有人與人相處的方法，有人與物之間的關係，有時間的歷程，有個人存在的被動和主動性，更有人的自覺與自我開顯等諸多問題。孔子將天命從抽象思維中跳脫出來，以其自身存在的方式，來呈顯天道，為了是開顯人存在的究竟意義。本文論述重點有三：即孔子何以罕言天道與命，孔子對天命的體證與實踐，以及其天命觀點與「仁」、「義」之關係。藉由問題的逐次探論，以揭示孔子天命思想的真義。

關鍵字

論語 ； 孔子 ； 天命 ； 天道 ； 性命 ； 仁義

並列摘要

Confucius has very deep understanding to natural law and life, he knows the mission of what has been preached that Heaven entrusts to him too, so make and show the brilliant destiny content. So abundant destiny thought, why Zigong says: Does Confucius seldom talk about destiny? Confucius' destiny thought includes many kinds of meanings, such as 'benevolence', 'righteousness' and 'life', etc. Confucius' destiny meaning, including the personal way of understanding of natural law, the method that people get along with people, the relation between people and thing, the course of time, the passive and initiative that individual exists etc. Confucius is in way that himself has, to prove natural law, for prove existence meaning of people. This text expounds the fact that there are three respects: Why Confucius seldom mentions natural law and life, why it will be Confucius' practice to destiny, and the theory has any relations for Confucius' destiny view and 'benevolence', 'justice', Through the discussion of the question, in order to state the real meaning of Confucius' destiny thought.

並列關鍵字

Analects ； Confucius ； destiny ； natural law ； life ； Benevolence and righteousness