日語從歐美語言所借用之翻譯混種詞的形成－以構詞特徵爲主

Word Formation of Japanese Hybrids Translated from the Western Languages

林慧君(Hui-Jun Lin)

《台大日本語文研究》 14期 (2007/12) Pp. 103-125

https://doi.org/10.6183/ntujp.2007.14.103

摘要

日語裹借用外語的譯詞當中，有一種是音譯外來語詞素與意譯漢語詞素所結合而成的混種詞，例如「クォーツ時計」「アクセス道路」等。
之前曾經報告（林2004）過：這種［外來語詞素＋漢語詞素］所構成的翻譯混種詞其翻譯語法可分成10種。而經本篇論述分析，了解到：這些翻譯混種詞之所以透過各種不同的翻譯語法而呈現，乃是基於日語複合名詞其本身所含有之語順•句法構造•語意功能所形成的〈三位一體〉之［屬性＋類名概念］的構造，以及複合名詞一般最常由2個詞素所結合而成之兩個構詞特徵影響而致。
此外，這些翻譯混種詞，其後項表示類名概念的主要詞素，多數由漢語詞素透過各種翻譯方法來表示，爲其最顯著的構詞特徵。在本篇論文裹，有關漢語詞素之所以如此容易成爲表示類名概念的後項主要詞素之一點，筆者試著以〈主軸詞素〉之造詞特性的觀點來分析探討。其結果了解到：漢語所具有的〈主軸詞素〉的性質對於翻譯混種詞的造詞以及語意的理解都有幫助。
另外，也觀察到外來語詞素與漢語詞素相同，有些已有〈主軸詞素化〉的現象，今後在現代日語造詞上將充分發揮其功能。

關鍵字

翻譯混種詞 ； 翻譯語法 ； 類名概念 ； 構詞

並列摘要

Among Japanese loanwords, several groups of translated hybrids have been distinguished so far. One of them is the combination of Gailaigo morpheme (loanword morpheme) and Kango morpheme (Chinese character morpheme), such as 「クォーツ時計」 (quartz watch and) 「アクセス道路」 (access road). In previous studies, Lin 2004 has pointed out that this combination can be further categorized into ten groups.
Based on this finding, this paper aims to present two main features which have a direct influence on this kind of word formation. One can be defined as the 'trinity formula' of Japanese compound words, that is a [feature constituent + category constituent] structure combined by word order, syntactic structure and semantic function. The other one is the two-constituent principle that matters when compounding words in Japanese.
Furthermore, the fact that the Kango morpheme tends to be the rear constituents of translated hybrids and functions as sort of category marker, seems to be the most significant characteristic of word formation in terms of translating hybrids. As to the clear tendency of this posterior feature, we did a survey from the perspective of 'axial constituent' related to word formation. We conclude that the 'axialness' of Kango morpheme plays an important role in the production of translated hybrids and also in the understanding of the meaning.
Similar to the 'axialness' that Kango morpheme functions, it is predictable that Gailaigo morpheme will also go through the process of 'axialization' and will play a more and more important role in creating new words.

並列關鍵字

translated hybrids ； translation methods ； category ； word formation

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