挪用自然史：英國十九世紀動物保護運動與大眾自然史文化

維多利亞時期的英國同時見證了大眾對自然史之熱愛以及動物保護運動之勃發。本文探討這兩個形塑人、動物與自然關係的十九世紀特殊文化現象間的關聯。我將十九世紀之動物保護運動視為－具有主體性之社群，並將十九世紀之豐富自然史傳統視為－可供其挪用的思想寶庫，探討動保運動如何依其運動目標之需要，援用自然史傳統中各項有利元素。本文分為三大部分。第一部分首先指出十九世紀主流動保運動與自然史傳統間之親近性，包括共同之基督教屬性、自然神學思想、宗教與道德教化目的等；其次分析運動所偏好之特定自然史知識類型、書寫形式以及蘊含倫理：最末探討運動如何藉由提倡者、教育者、評論者、出版者、書寫者等角色，致力於對其所偏好之自然史傳統之挪用與傳播。文章結論道，透過廣泛參與大眾自然史文化，十九世紀之動保運動亦可被視為是十九世紀自然史文化之形塑者之一，並對十九世紀之人與動物關係產生一定之倫理影響。

關鍵字

動物保護運動；自然史

並列摘要

The article examines the Victorian animal protection movement's participation in and appropriation of the popular natural history tradition. It perceives the movement as an active agent with its own objectives to promote and the popular natural history tradition as a rich repertoire which the movement could draw upon. The article first explores the affinity between the two traditions, i.e., their common Christian outlook, theological foundation, and moralizing and didactic tendencies. It next examines the types and forms of natural history privileged by the movement and the movement's wide-ranging engagement with the culture of natural history as promoters, educators, reviewers, publishers and popularizers. The article concludes that the movement not only helped sustained a distinctive form of natural history with themes, ideological edge, textual forms and embodied ethics that were conductive to its overall objectives, but also in the process, became itself an agent in the shaping of the culture of natural history and cast its humanizing influence on Victorian human-animal relations.