國小高年級學童所知覺之父母管教行為與心理社會適應之關聯

The Associations between Perceived Parenting Behavior and Psychosocial Adjustment of Elementary School Students

程景琳(Ching-Ling Cheng)

《中華輔導與諮商學報》 50期 (2017/12) Pp. 161-187

https://doi.org/10.3966/172851862017120050006

摘要

本研究之目的在於探討高年級學童所知覺之控制性父母管教行為（即心理控制與行為控制）與其心理社會適應不良的關聯。「心理控制」管教行為指父母藉由操控孩子的想法與感受，使其行為表現得以合乎父母期望，乃針對孩子心理層面的干預；而「行為控制」管教行為則指父母藉由強制介入性的規定，對孩子的行為加以嚴格限制與規範，偏向於高壓權威式的管教。研究參與者為來自臺灣6個縣市8所國小共350名五年級學生（男生177名、女生173名，平均年齡10.89歲），透過自陳之「父母行為控制量表」、「父母心理控制量表」、「困難量表」及「同儕受害經驗量表」，測量高年級學童所知覺之父母行為及心理控制程度，及自身之情緒困難及同儕受害狀況。本研究發現在同時考量父親及母親行為控制的情況下，高年級男生所知覺的父親及母親行為控制程度並無法顯著預測其心理社會適應情況；而高年級女生所知覺的母親行為控制管教能預測其心理適應不良與社會適應不良，但父親行為控制並無顯著預測力。另外，在同時考量父親及母親心理控制的情況下，對於高年級男生而言，其所知覺的父親心理控制程度愈高，愈容易出現心理社會適應不良；針對高年級女生而言，其所知覺的母親心理控制程度愈高，則愈容易出現心理社會適應不良。最後針對父母控制管教行為與高年級學童適應不良之關聯的可能影響因素進行相關討論。

關鍵字

父母管教行為 ； 心理社會適應 ； 心理控制 ； 行為控制 ； 前青少年期

並列摘要

The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between elementary school students' perceived controlling parenting and their psychosocial maladjustment. In the present study, controlling parenting was represented by psychological as well as behavioral control. Psychological control refers to parenting behavior that constrains and manipulates children's psychological and emotional experiences, while behavioral control refers to parenting behavior that coercively regulates and demands children's behavior and activity. Psychosocial maladjustment was indicated by emotional difficulties (i.e., emotional symptoms and hyperactivity of SDQ) and experiences of peer victimization (i.e., physical and relational victimization). The hypotheses of the present study were: (1) children's perceived paternal and maternal psychological as well as behavioral control would be, respectively, positively associated with psychosocial maladjustment of early adolescents; (2) children's perceived paternal and maternal behavioral control would positively predict their psychosocial maladjustment, respectively, for boys as well as for girls; and (3) children's perceived paternal and maternal psychological control would positively predict their psychosocial maladjustment, respectively, for boys as well as for girls. The participants were 350 fifth-graders (173 girls and 177 boys; mean age = 10.89 years) from 18 classrooms of 8 elementary schools in 6 counties of Taiwan. Children reported how they perceived, respectively, their fathers' and mothers' controlling parenting (i.e., behavioral and psychological control). Participants also self-reported their emotional difficulties and experiences of peer victimization. Structural equation modeling (SEM) analyses were conducted separately, by gender of children, for two different forms of parental control to examine the associations between paternal as well as maternal control and children's psychosocial maladjustment. The results demonstrated that the psychological and behavioral forms of controlling parenting delivered by fathers and mothers respectively were associated with children's emotional difficulties and peer victimization. With regard to the effect of behavioral control parenting, the model fit was first examined on all subjects and then separately on boy and girl samples. The SEM results showed that the estimated model was accepted in the girl sample (χ^2 = 19.56, p ＞ .05; RMSEA = .05, CFI = .99, SRMR = .06), but not in the boy sample. Furthermore, there were significant influences of maternal behavioral control on girls' emotional difficulty (γ = .38, p ＜ .01) and peer victimization (γ = .45, p ＜ .001); however, there was no significant effect of paternal behavioral control on girls' psychosocial maladjustment. Thus, while simultaneously considering the effects of behavioral control from fathers and mothers, for young adolescent boys, neither their perceived paternal or maternal behavioral controlling parenting would significantly predict their psychosocial maladjustment. On the other hand, the perceived maternal behavior control of young adolescent girls would predict their psychosocial maladjustment, but not the perceived paternal behavioral control. With regard to the effect of psychological control parenting, the SEM results demonstrated that the estimated models were both accepted in boy (χ^2 = 17.31, p ＞ .05; RMSEA = .05, CFI = .99, SRMR = .04) and girl samples (χ^2= 11.44, p ＞ .05; RMSEA = .00, CFI = 1.00, SRMR = .03). In addition, in boy sample, there was significant influence of paternal psychological control on boys' maladjustment (γ of emotional difficulty = .70, p ＜ .001; γ of peer victimization = .60, p ＜ .001), but no significant maternal influence. On the other hand, in girl sample, there was significant influence of maternal psychological control on girls' maladjustment (γ of emotional difficulty = .63, p ＜ .001; γ of peer victimization = .51, p ＜ .001), but no significant paternal influence. The findings thus demonstrated that, while considering simultaneously the effects of paternal and maternal psychological control, young adolescent boys with higher levels of perceived paternal psychological control tend to have more psychosocial maladjustment, and young adolescent girls with higher levels of perceived maternal psychological control tend to have more psychosocial maladjustment. This is the first study at Taiwan to examine how both paternal and maternal parenting in forms of behavioral as well as psychological control might relate to psychosocial adjustment of preadolescents, with child gender as the moderating factor. Briefly, for boys, only paternal psychological control was associated with their psychosocial maladjustment. For girls, both maternal psychological and behavioral control was related to their psychosocial maladjustment. Implications for understanding the mechanisms underlying the harmful effects of parental control on elementary school students' psychosocial adjustment were further discussed.

並列關鍵字

Behavioral control ； parenting behavior ； preadolescence ； psychological control ； psychosocial adjustment

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