融入宗教／靈性的心理諮商在臺灣：回顧與展望

Religiously/Spiritually Integrated Counseling in Taiwan - Reviews and Future Directions

陳秉華(Ping-Hwa Chen) ； 黃奕暉(Yi-Huei Huang) ； 范嵐欣(Lan-Hsin Fan)

《中華輔導與諮商學報》 53期 (2018/10) Pp. 45-79

https://doi.org/10.3966/172851862018100053003

摘要

臺灣是宗教人口密度高且多元宗教的社會，諮商師需要重視有宗教／靈性背景個案的特殊期待與需要。本論文回顧過去30年臺灣諮商界對融入宗教／靈性於心理諮商之相關研究，依以下七個主題作出文獻整理與闡述：（1）宗教／靈性在臺灣社會民眾的普遍與多元性；（2）宗教／靈性與臺灣心理學及諮商專業的關係；（3）宗教、靈性、及融入宗教／靈性的心理諮商之定義；（4）融入宗教／靈性的心理諮商相關研究，含括諮商師／案主對於諮商中談論宗教／靈性或使用宗教／靈性介入的態度、靈性介入與介入成果研究、諮商師的信仰／靈性對個人及諮商工作的影響；（5）融入宗教／靈性的心理諮商教育訓練與督導：含括諮商師需具備的靈性議題處理能力、教育訓練課程的設計、融入宗教／靈性的諮商督導研究；（6）融入宗教／靈性的心理諮商之倫理；（7）融入宗教／靈性的心理諮商在臺灣的未來發展：含括透過學會與專業組織的推動、研究方法的多元化、將宗教／靈性融入心理諮商養成教育與繼續教育訓練、擴展在諮商實務的應用場域及對象、建立有文化觀點的融入宗教／靈性的諮商模式、建構融入宗教／靈性之諮商本土化及多元宗教／靈性諮商的對話平台、建立倫理守則或指引。研究者於文末呼籲國內諮商心理專業人員，需開始注意在諮商中融入宗教／靈性議題，也需要接受融入靈性的諮商訓練，以具備對有需要案主提供服務的能力。

關鍵字

宗教 ； 融入宗教／靈性的心理諮商 ； 靈性

並列摘要

Recent large scale surveys of religions in Taiwan showed over 80% of the surveyed subjects identified themselves with religious beliefs and practices, 85% of the subjects agreed religion can help people find inner peace and happiness, and ease the pains and discomforts. The 2014 American Pew Research Center's Religious and Public Life Program reported Taiwan ranked second on the Global Religious Diversity Index.These findings indicated Taiwan has a high variety of population in religion and is a multi-religious society. Western counseling literatures showed that clients with religious/spiritual backgrounds brought problems into the counseling embedding their religious/spiritual perspectives and copings towards their problems. Counselors need to inquire and understand how these clients viewed their problems religiously/spiritually so that counselors may integrate religious/spiritual interventions into counseling properly and effectively to serve clients in need. However, religiously/spiritually integrated counseling (abbreviated as r/s integrated counseling) in Taiwan is a new area and the related research is limited. The present article presents findings of reviewing the research in religiously/spiritually integrated counseling (abbreviated as r/s integrated counseling) in Taiwan in the past thirty years. Our literature review identified few r/s integrated counseling empirical studies before 2010 in Taiwan. However, after 2010, on the literature of religion/spirituality counseling has increased, and various topics on studying religion and spirituality in counseling also expanded. In the present article, the authors presented seven themes: (1)The popularity and high diversity of the religious population in Taiwan; (2) Religious/spiritual studies in psychology/counseling psychology in Taiwan, which consists of two sub-themes: the research trend of religious/spiritual studies in psychology and counseling psychology professions in Taiwan, and the research evidences support the positive function of religion/ spirituality to mental health and counseling; (3) Definitions of religion and spirituality, and r/s integrated counseling. The authors proposed the definition of r/s integrated counseling as counselors providing religiously/ spiritually integrated counseling services to clients in need, including the match of counselor's and client's religious background, and counselors exploring clients' religious and spiritual issues and employing spiritual interventions.; (4) Research findings in r/s integrated counseling practices and outcomes. Three sub-themes were organized: positive attitudes of counselors and clients toward exploring religious/spiritual issues and employing religious/spiritual interventions in counseling especially for clients with strong religious/spiritual backgrounds, various religious/spiritual interventions were employed in counseling and positive outcomes were identified by counselors and clients, and counselors' religious backgrounds and spiritual orientations influenced their personal lives and counseling works; (5)Research on r/s integrated counselor training and supervision. Three sub-themes were presented: r/s integrated counseling competencies, r/s integrated counselor training courses and outcomes, and r/s integrated counselor supervision issues and models; (6) Ethical principles of practicing r/s integrated counseling identified by counselors and clients; (7) Future directions were proposed by the authors, including promoting r/s integrated counseling through professional organizations and educational institutions, employing diversified research methodologies, integrating religion and spirituality into counseling courses and counselor continuing education classes, applying r/s integrated counseling to clients with religious and spiritual needs, , generating culturally inclusive and indigenous r/s integrated counseling theories and models, building a platform to facilitate dialogues among diverse r/s oriented and indigenous counseling professionals, and developing ethical guidelines for practicing r/s integrated counseling. The authors call attention to Taiwanese counselors/ educators/supervisors to be sensitive to the issues of religion and spirituality that clients may bring into counseling. There is a need for Taiwanese counseling profession to promote and develop the new specialty so that clients with religious/spiritual needs or issues may be better served in the future.

並列關鍵字

Religion ； religiously/spiritually integrated counseling ； spirituality

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