外在注意力焦點策略用於提升籃球投籃表現的效益：系統性回顧

Effects of external attentional focus on enhancing basketball shooting performance: A systematic review

陳羿揚(Yi-Yang Chen) ； 黃筱祺(Xiao-Qi Huang) ； 齊璘(Lin Chi)

《臺灣運動心理學報》 22卷3期 (2022/11) Pp. 69-89

https://doi.org/10.6497/BSEPT.202211_22(3).0004

摘要

目的：以動作學習理論為基礎，解析近年注意力焦點應用於提升投籃技能的相關實證研究，瞭解具體適用的性別、年齡、層級、指導方式與效益，提升教師或教練在指導投籃動作之教學品質。方法：從基礎動作技能學習理論進行討論，再以系統性回顧彙整外在注意力焦點應用於投籃技能的實證研究。結果：從8篇研究中可得知，採用外在注意力焦點策略搭配多媒體教材指導投籃技能確實可以提升命中率，且適用不同性別、層級與年紀，但對於職業選手可能導致持球手穩定性下降，而對命中率表現效益相當有限。結論：指導投籃動作時，可引領學習者將注意力焦點專注在籃框與出手拋物線，促使學習者縮短整體瞄籃時間，並降低上肢肌肉活化，提升身體質心位移穩定，快速執行投籃動作來提升命中率。但對於技能趨近自動化的職業選手，則需灌輸採用自身最熟悉與省力方式執行投籃，方能提升命中率與持球穩定。建議教師與教練在教導國小至成年人罰球動作技能時，可採取外在注意力焦點策略，來幫助學童或選手提升命中率，但對於職業選手則可適當搭配內在注意力焦點指示給予細微調整。

關鍵字

注意力容量模式 ； 注意力運作模式 ； 注意力形態 ； 約束行為假說

並列摘要

Purpose: This study analyzes recent empirical studies on the application of attention focus to the improvement of basketball shooting based on motor learning theories for understanding the coaching methods and benefits for different genders, ages, and skill levels respectively, in the hope of helping coaches and teachers to enhance the benefits in training or teaching. Method: This paper first discussed the theoretical frameworks of motor skill learning and then systematically reviewed the selected empirical studies of external attentional focus in basketball shooting from 2002 to 2022. Results: By reviewing the eight studies selected, an external attention focus strategy combined with multimedia content in shooting skills learning would improve shooting accuracy. This combined strategy could be helpful for different gender, skill level and age groups. Nevertheless, this approach demonstrated a limited impact on professional basketball players because this strategy might lead to decreased ball-handling stability in such a group. Conclusion: Focusing on the basket and the throw route can reduce performers' aiming time and decrease upper body muscle activation that can improve stability and shooting accuracy. For professionals, shooting in the way they are most familiar with and effective is important for them to enhance shooting accuracy. It is recommended that instructors should adopt an external attentional focus strategy for throwing practice for non-professional players and an internal attentional focus strategy for those professionals.

並列關鍵字

attention capacity model ； attention mode ； attention pattern ； constrained action hypothesis

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