論「張堅固、李定度」的形成、發展與民俗意涵—以買地券、衣物疏為考察對象

On the Formation, Development, and Custom Significance of "Zhang-jian-gu, Li-ding-du"-Studying maidiquan, yiwushu

鄭阿財(A-Tsai Cheng)

《民間文學年刊》 2期增刊 (2009/02) Pp. 25-51

https://doi.org/10.29455/MJWSNK.200902.0003

摘要

「買地券」、「衣物疏」蓋基於「靈魂不滅」的觀念體系，事死如生的喪葬文化下所產生的明器一類文書。其形式均仿自現實生活的相關文書。一般例有見證人：初期以一般人名充當，後因信仰而有改以「東王公、西王母」擔任見證人，之後更有「張堅固、李定度」具專職的出現。本文根據出土的買地券、衣物疏等展開「張堅固、李定度」的形成與發展的考察。透過考察可知：作為陰間土地買賣契約的買地券，是用以向陰間的冥吏及周圍的墓主展示死者對墓地的土地所有權。其券文形制與內容源自現實世界實際生活中的契約，旨在標示地界範圍，以確保墓地不被侵犯；既明示東、西、南、北四角封界，同時又需有「見證人」，以加強其法律效力。「隨葬衣物疏」的內容反映出喪主對陰世的一些情況的幻想，如陰間搶佔冒認財物的現象，所以寫「隨葬衣物疏」具有開具財權證書的作用。從現存各買地券及隨葬衣物疏的分析中，可考察「張堅因、李定度」在葬俗的意涵；以及從現實世界土地買賣見證人，到冥界幽契的象徵意義；甚至與道教神仙信仰相結合；為佛教葬俗、地理堪輿所融攝的發展歷程。

關鍵字

買地券 ； 衣物疏 ； 磚契 ； 張堅固 ； 李定度 ； 見證人

並列摘要

Maidiquan (burial-plot purchase contract) and yiwushu (inventory list) are burial objects that connote beliefs concerning the inextinguishable soul and the afterlife. The forms of these documents are made to resemble related documents in real life. Witnesses generally accompany these documents; for early cases, names for ordinary personage are used; in later cases, deities Dong-wang-gong and Si-wang-mu were invoked to act as witnesses; finally, divine officials Zhang-jian-gu and Li-ding-du were established to be regular witnesses.This paper is a study on the formation and development of the two divine officials Zhang-jian-gu and Li-ding-du through unearthed maidiquan and yiwushu. This study finds that maidiquan is a type o f netherworld contract which displays ownership status of the deceased to netherworld officials. The maidiquan resembles real-world land contract, indicating the dimension of land to ward off indignation. The contract states the east, west, south, and north limits, and lists witnesses to accredit its legality. The yiwushu listings reflect the grave owner's fantastic projections of what the netherworld would be like, such as the possibility of property being inappropriately or wrongfully claimed by others; the yiwushu inventory has the function of a property right certificate.From existing maidiquan and burial yiwushu, we can study the significance of Zhang-jian-gu and Li-ding-du in burial customs. We can also study the symbolic significance of real-world property transaction witnesses being transmogrified to netherworld contract witnesses, and even merging with Taoist deities, Buddhism burial customs, and Feng Shui practices.

並列關鍵字

maidiquan (burial-plot purchase contract) ； yiwushu inventory list ； juanqi (brick contract) ； Zhang Jiangu ； Li Dingdu ； witness