從日本憲法法治主義與法的支配原理論我國行政訴訟之法治國原則

行政訴訟權是否獲得概括實效的保障，體現一國法治的水平。行政訴訟的憲法原理是「法治主義」或「法的支配」的問題樹立於第二次大戰後的日本。戰前的日本完全使用「法治國」（Rechtsstaat）以及做為其主義、原理的「法治主義」。文獻上雖非完全看不到「法的支配」的用語；但其用語非具有英美法「法的支配」的意義，而是偶然、散發的使用，尚未成為概念。二次大戰後，Rule of Law（依法行政）被翻譯為「法的支配」引進且理解為日本國憲法的原理。另一方面，法治主義則未因憲法原理的轉換而改變，仍維持傳統的理解。因此，關於日本國憲法的原理為何，產生學理上對於「法治主義與法的支配」的論爭。而「法治國」原則與「法的支配」發展於不同的法系傳統，確有其不同的重點訴求，對各自的法秩序發展也展現不同的影響力。傳承自羅馬法的歐陸法系重視以成文法典為法律實體內容、研究對象與裁判依據的傳統；源於英國的普通法系則強調法律與現實社會生活的結合，從生活中或文化脈絡發掘法理與法律的真諦，展現不成文化及重視法官個案裁判累積形成法律實體內容。本文以日本憲法角度出發，對於憲法法治主義與法支配原理之論爭、概念之區別、採用與建構作說明，並論及我國行政訴訟之法治國原則，希冀能使我國就此等爭議概念，有一定程度之了解及助益。

關鍵字

法治主義；法治國家；依法行政；行政法院；行政訴訟

並列摘要

The level of rule of law in a nation can reflects whether the right to access to the administrative court could be protected generally and effectively or not. In Japan, the dispute about ”Legalism” and ”Rule of law” in the theorem of constitution was occurred after the world warⅡ. The conception of ”Rechtsstaat” and ”Legalism” were accepted in prewar Japan, but the diction of ”Rule of law” only showed in documents occasionally and still did not turn into a general idea which was provided with Anglo-american law. After the WWⅡ, ”Rule of law” was translated and recommended in the principle of Japanese Constitution. On the other hand, the ”Legalism” still maintained the traditional meaning and did not change due to the difference of contents of constitutional principle. Therefore, the issue of ”Rechtsstaat” and ”Rule of law” was discussed. The both ”Rechtsstaat” and ”Rule of law” develop in dissimilar law systems, and do have different points. Each of them influences the different legal orders. Continental law system from the Rome norm focuses on the formal law, the materialization, the object of study, and the statute in accordance with judgement. Common law system from England emphasizes that the law can combine the reality and social life. It excavates that the theory and the purpose of law from the living and culture, and forms the contents of law from judicial decision to spread out the character of unwritten norms. The article makes a description of the dispute, the conception, the adoption, and the construction in ”echtsstaat” and ”Rule of law” from the Japanese Constitution, and compares with the principle of rule of law about the administrative action in our country. And the most important of all, is how we settle and resolve the disputes of rule of law. This Article analyzes and compares the with Japanese Constitution, in order to get some inspiration for us to understand and handle the controversial conception, ”rule of law.”