竹篙山到擎天崗的水牛造池運動、生物多樣性與濕地化學

Water hole making of buffalo, biodiversity and wetland chemistry from Zhugaoshan to Qingtiangang

胡正恆(Cheng-Heng Hu)

《濕地學刊》 9卷1期 (2020/12) Pp. 17-34

摘要

本研究聚焦於北臺灣陽明山的水牛（Bubalus bulalis）造池行為與其濕地生態效應。自2019年5月至2020年9月，運用GPS發報器，於竹篙山（830 m）到擎天崗東峰（795 m）紀錄水牛活動軌跡；共域動物相部分，則在牛造濕地旁架設自動相機，來偵測暫時性水域所吸引的哺乳類生物；最終以濕地化學的觀點，將每季測量牛池的濁度、酸鹼值、電導度、氧化還原電位等水質指標，綜合地探討野化水牛與周遭濕地環境的季節互動。水牛在全年（2-10月）不論乾季、溼季，皆會重複深掘舊池，以便泥浴塗抹氣味，並防禦外寄生蟲。從稜線牛埒到窪地牛池，皆豐富了共域的野生動植物相。至於水牛行走時壓抑高草，以蹄印踏實山徑，皆有助於草原地景永續，並防範暴雨洪水。牛造水池的酸鹼值在秋季較偏鹼性；電導度則在夏、冬季因降雨多而提升；氧化還原電位則反映水體狀態：在各季節大池（＞1 m^2）之池底呈還原態，而水牛擾動則有助於帶動營養鹽循環，提昇還原態物質的淨水作用。緊鄰牛埒的水池常有水鹿、山羌、野兔等草食獸棲息，保育類動物如穿山甲與麝香貓，均受益於水牛造池運動。這些特有的里山自然與文化雙重襲產需要水牛與其他共域草食獸扮演重要生態功能，百年來林草地維持良好，支撐了跨世紀來沿山濕地的生態多樣性。

關鍵字

水牛（Bubalus bulalis） ； 動物行為 ； 棲地利用 ； 濕地 ； 自動相機 ； 水質

並列摘要

In the Yangmingshan of Taipei, from Zhugaoshan (830 m above the sea level) to East Mountain of Qingtiangang (795 m), there have been old herds of the Taiwan Swamp Buffalo (Bubalus bulalis) after the Japanese ranch period since 1934. First, in the study of animal behavior, from May 2019 to September 2020, GPS tracking records the pond activities of buffalo along the ridgeline. To investigate the local fauna, automatic cameras were deployed to detect the mammals attracted by temporary waters. Second, from the perspective of wetland chemistry, water quality indicators were measured in terms of the turbidity, pH, electronic conductivity, oxidation-reduction potential every season. The research goal is to comprehensively identify seasonal interaction between water buffalo and the surrounding wetland environment. Buffalo repeatedly creates deep ponds between February and October to cool down by mud bath and to prevent ecto-parasites. Large buffalo footprints also strengthen the ridge trail to prevent floods. Water holes are more alkaline in autumn; the electronic conductivity is reduced due to heavy rainfall in spring and autumn; in winter, there is excessively salty. The oxidation-reduction potential of the large pond decreased significantly in each season, indicating that the bottom of the pond was in a reductive state. The ponds next to the historic mound are often inhabited by sambar deer and many other grazers that benefited from the water hole building of buffalo. These both natural and cultural heritages of ＂Satoyama＂ landscape are still well-preserved by wild buffalo and other wildlife, supporting the ecological diversity of the ridge wetlands over the centuries.

並列關鍵字

Bubalus bulalis ； animal behavior ； habitat use ； wetland ； automatic camera ； water quality