清太宗的儒術治道

自漢朝以降，儒家思想即成為中國正統思想的主流，其倫理與道德規範，是建構社會和政治秩序的準繩，為歷代王朝所奉行。入關之前的滿族，在努爾哈赤的卓越領導下，建立金國，但隨著領土的擴張、人口的劇增，原有的政制已無法因應日益繁雜的政務，所以因著情勢所需及歷史發展的必然關係，採用儒術來治理國事成為勢在必行的選擇。清太宗仿傚明制，設立六部、改定三院；開科取士、優禮文人；廣納人才、重用明朝歸附的官僚儒生：舉行祭孔大典，以示尊孔，在在將崇儒予以表徵化。其目的有二當政權由合議制政體轉型為中央集權之際，以儒家思想來建立忠君的觀念，藉以鞏固君權；其次是為了以文教治世，使國家可大可久。及至後來清朝入關，建立史上所稱道的儒學王朝，這可說是淵源於清太宗的儒術治道而一脈相承矣！

關鍵字

清朝；清太宗；皇太極；儒家；儒術

並列摘要

Ever since Han dynasty, Confucianism has become the orthodox ideology in China, and its ethical codes and moral norms have been the guidelines for the social and political structures. The codes have also been strictly followed by the subsequent emperors since then. Under the outstanding leadership of Nurhachu, the Manchus established the kingdom of Chin before they entered the Inland China through the Pass of the Great Wall. As they expanded their territory and their population increased, the original politico-social system was unable to cope with the increasing complicated internal affairs. Under such circumstance, the Manchus could not but adopt Confucianism as a strategy to manage their political affairs. Ch'ing Tai-tsung modeled his political structures after those of Ming dynasty. He established six imperial Departments, reformed the three existing imperial Bureaus, and held examinations to select scholarofficials. In addition, he welcomed men of literati, and recruited talented people. Officials and scholars who were turncoats from previous dynasty received special treatment. Imperial rituals of venerating Confucius were also established. All the above-mentioned policies or practice serves a twofold purposes: first, a regime in its formative stage promoted Confucian ideology, in order to consolidate imperial authority and power. Second, Confucianism in all political and social aspects of the empire was emphasized. With such measures, prior to the Manchu's entry to China, the Ch'ing court was able to make a dynasty that focused its national policy on a combination of Confucian idealism and political tactics.