臺灣的休閒政策？休閒的幸福社會意象與需求

Leisure Policy for Well-being Taiwan? A Social-ecology Study of Imagination and Need of Leisure

侯錦雄(Jing-Shoung Hou)

《政策與人力管理》 10卷1期 (2019/06) Pp. 81-108

https://doi.org/10.29944/PPM.201906_10(1).0003

摘要

遊戲、休閒、遊憩是人類的原始行為，潛在影響著社會現象，研究休閒變遷是具學術價值，也可做為社會實踐與施政實務之應用。休閒政策是基於政府如何有效來滿足人民的休閒遊憩與幸福認同，透過休閒遊憩教育人們「快樂幸福社會」的需要、研究與推廣，是一種施政成效的挑戰。為突顯全民拚經濟時，另類思考快樂與幸福（happiness and well-being）的休閒意義、價值、空間、行為、產業等面向，本文意圖藉由社會生態學的觀察，探討「社會-生態系統」的過程時考量到「符合傳統生態學以及社會科學研究模式與過程」，需要關注社會集體的行動力與其不斷的流動與變化，建構的「現象」框架得以面對整體環境的變遷，更系統化的解釋「社會－生態系統」之中的關係，並討論休閒遊憩的研究所涉及的休閒空間、休閒經濟與休閒社會的內涵及變遷，提供給政府對於國土計劃、產業振興、社會福利三個面向的創新的思維，以及地方創生推動時如何重視休閒之參考。體驗經濟時代，休閒者常是經過一連串慎重選擇的過程，「休閒」藉由商業機制，提供了人們創意、自我實現、社群認同、以及心靈的提升等，將所有原自於文化範疇的抽象物質，經由休閒商品化與媒體行銷，變成休閒市場中一項可購買的商品或服務。因此，土地的休閒利用是包括風景及其使用的環境，景觀不再是土地的原貌，同時也是人類休閒活動與社會生產的土地利用過程。休閒景觀更是都市更新或城鄉風貌改造的歷程，國土規劃必須基於休閒政策來綜合考量。利用旅遊規範與文化來管理遊客的行為，將可使遊憩區（公園）原有文化本質的保存，更帶來「使用付費」的消費與活化地方經濟。更可做為（非）都市計劃對土地利用管制的調適，利用休閒農業、觀光工廠以及文化產業園區等，改善休閒社會變遷的工具。休閒政策可以建立國民永續生活模式（sustainable lifestyles）與綠色消費的方針，引導社區的經濟健康發展，特別是強調社區旅遊的「奉獻－款待與贊助－共享」購買行為的公益性概念，輔導與獎勵企業、人民與第三部門的角色參與。日本政府取經巴西SESC的成功案例，推動的企業社會責任（corporate social responsibility）參考。「為民眾服務」的休閒政策尋求的共融休閒設計（inclusive design）及循環經濟生活模式，亦隨著時代變遷、政府功能有所轉變，先進國家引用的休閒系統（leisure system），各城市以公園與遊憩行政（park and recreation administration）及地方休閒政策運作，達成人們從事休閒遊憩的服務效益，邁向幸福國家。

關鍵字

休閒系統 ； 休閒景觀 ； 國土計劃 ； 地方創生 ； 共融社會設計

並列摘要

Play, leisure, and recreation are natural behaviors of human beings, and can potentially affect the society. Research on leisure changes not only have academic values, but also can be applied to social practice and policy administration. The leisure policy is based on how the government effectively fulfill the people's leisure recreation and happiness, and the effectiveness to educate people about having a ＂happy and joyful society＂ through leisure recreation. The aim of this paper is to discuss leisure recreation through social ecology observation, and to apply the social-ecosystem process that consider the research model and method of traditional ecology and social science. We concentrated on the social action and dynamic change, to build a framework that explain social-ecosystem systematically under environment changes. Furthermore, we reevaluated the meaning of happiness and well-being under different aspects, such as the meaning, value, space, behavior, and industry of leisure. Through connotation of leisure space, leisure economy and leisure society, we can provide the government with innovative ideas on land planning, industrial revitalization and social welfare, and promotion on how to value leisure activity for placemaking. In the era of experience economy, ＂leisure＂ is a business mechanism that provides people with creativity, self-realization, community recognition, and spiritual improvement. Abstract material, through leisure commodification and media marketing, becomes a purchasable commodity or service in the leisure market. Therefore, the leisure usage of land includes landscape and the environment. Landscape is no longer the original appearance of the land, but also the process of leisure activities and social production. Leisurely landscape is a process of urban renewal or urban and rural style transformation, and land planning must be based on comprehensive considerations. The use of tourism norms and culture to manage the behavior of tourists will lead to the preservation of the original cultural essence of the recreation area, as well as the ＂user charge＂ consumption and the revitalization of the local economy. It is also a tool for improving the adjustment of land use by using (non-) urban planning, and using leisure agriculture, tourism factories, and cultural industrial parks to improve leisure social change. The leisure policy can establish a sustainable lifestyle and green consumption guideline for a healthy community economy development, especially the public welfare concept of ＂dedication/hospitality and sponsorship/sharing＂. It is also important to support and reward companies and people to participate in the activities. A successful case is the promotion of the ＂corporate social responsibility＂ by Japanese government from Brazilian SESC. The inclusive design and the circular economy living mode sought by the leisure policy of ＂serving the people＂ are also changing with time and functions of the government, and the concepts of leisure system, park and recreation administration, and local leisure policy operations can benefit recreational activities and promote a happiness society.

並列關鍵字

Leisure System ； Leisurely Landscape ； National Spatial Plan ； Placemaking ； Inclusive Social Design