寫作的構思策略及其在寫作教學上的應用

The Strategy of Idea Generating and Organizing on Writing and Its Application for Writing Teaching

蔡銘津(Ming-Jin Tsai)

《人文社會電子學報》 5卷1期 (2009/03) Pp. 18-30

https://doi.org/10.30134/STOSHSS.200903.0002

摘要

寫作的構思階段被認為是建構全文最重要的歷程，因為作者不僅要產出觀念以做為訊息表達的內容，更須產生如何組織這些內容的監控觀念，因此它佔去了寫作過程最多的時間。而研究發現大部分學生對「如何組織訊息」與「配合組織，選擇內容」的構思階段，感到能力不足，亦即在檢索重要訊息以及如何整合它們時遭逢到困難。然而教師通常却很少教學生如何計劃、如何選擇內容與組織訊息。其實整個寫作歷程同時受到個人對題目的「內容知識」和寫作本身的「論述知識」的影響。其中「內容知識」需靠個人閱歷的豐富，而寫作的「論述知識」有賴後天的學習與培養。學生下筆時，常有「起頭難」和「無以為繼」之苦，通常與此兩種知識的缺乏有關。尤其後者涉及文章結構的認知及有效的「檢索策略」，是決定和提取需要訊息的關鍵。本文藉由寫作構思歷程認知上的探討與相關研究的歸納，我們發現確實作者對主題與文章結構知識之多寡、以及長期記憶中訊息的組織情形，均為影響寫作構思之重要變項。而寫作時「思緒的產出與整合」技巧，應包括先確定為何而寫作、為誰而寫作，然後藉由觀察、腦力激盪、草擬思緒或列出細目單、與人交談、閱讀等蒐集寫作材料，再整合思緒、組織材料，而寫下草稿。其中，群集某一主題的細目時，要注意語文及邏輯的特性，例如首尾的一貫性、標點、文法、句型安排和全文的組織。其次，文體基模的知識也提供了作者對文章內容、以及如何組織這些內容的預期及寫作時的一個概念架構，此架構幫助作者決定產生那些觀念，提供寫作者事先預期那些訊息可放入該文章之中，及這些觀念應如何組織。基於上述的探討，本文乃提出一些具體的建議，歸納出寫作的構思技巧與策略在教學上的應用，做為教師教學的參考，協助及解決學生此階段寫作上的困境和難題。

關鍵字

構思 ； 檢索 ； 轉譯

並列摘要

Idea generating and organizing are important built-in parts of the writing process. The writer must not only generate idea for information performance, but also produce monitoring concepts of organizing it. This process takes much time for writers to deal with it. However, many researches indicated that lots of teachers hardly teach the skills of idea generating and integrating for students. Many students think it is the most difficult process on their writings and they need to be taught how to pick out and retrieve the important informations, expand and organize the whole writing. The whole writing process is affected by writer’s content knowledge and discourse knowledge. If the topic of writing already mates student’s experience, maybe students lack the cognition of context structure and effective retrieving strategy. This paper investigated the cognition of process on idea generating and organizing of writing as well as its relative literature. It found the whole writing process is affected by writer’s knowledge of topic, context structure and the information organization of his long term memory. The skills of idea generating and organizing should include knowing why to write and for whom, then to collect writing materials by observing, reading, talking with others, thinking and searching, brainstorming, making notes or lists, and finally compose the ideas and organize them to a draft. The writer must pay attention to the characteristic of language and logic, such as cohesion and coherence, punctuation, grammar, sentence patterns arrangement during this process. At last, the researcher provided some suggestions on teaching writing for school teachers.

並列關鍵字

idea generating and organizing ； retrieve ； translate