明代的募兵制度

The Mercenary System of the Ming Dynasty

劉振仁(Chen-jen Liu)

《全人教育集刊》 1期 (2014/10) Pp. 47-77

https://doi.org/10.6689/BHE.2014.1.2

摘要

基本上，明代的募兵制度，不管是早期的僉民壯為兵，或是後期的召募而來的職業軍人之士兵，均對明代的軍事事務，做出積極的貢獻。特別是後期運作的募兵制度，更是具備衛所制度所沒有之優點，如兵士從年輕力壯者挑選，大多具有一技之長；實行自願應募，戰鬥力較強；應募者無勾補之擾、也無世襲之慮，具朝募夕補、易於成軍之功效。由於愈到後期，明廷仰賴募兵的比例更是加重。在此情況下，由於需求之募兵數量龐大，故募來的士兵素質就不如前期為佳，導致軍紀敗壞的情況時常發生；而由於對外戰事不斷，募兵所受訓練更是不足。募兵愈多，國家財政愈難支撐。等到國庫短缺，積欠糧餉時，所募士兵便大批逃亡。總之，明代募兵制度雖有其積極正面的意義，但明廷卻忽略任何一種制度都有其侷限。以募兵來代替衛所軍，只能說是一種暫時的權宜之計。面對地方局部性的防禦戰事，或可發揮其作用；但隨著外在局勢的險峻加劇，為抵禦女真所召募士兵所需的龐大軍費，不僅拖垮國家財政，更是激發廣大民變；而為應付民變，更是額外增加百姓賦稅負擔。在惡性循環、飲鴆止渴的情況下，明帝國先是讓李自成為首的農民起義（流寇）軍攻陷北京，崇禎帝自盡身亡；後又因吳三桂引清軍入關而滅亡。

關鍵字

募兵制 ； 衛所制度 ； 世兵制 ； 明代 ； 民兵

並列摘要

Through the ages, China's military service system, which can be divided into ＂conscription＂, ＂mercenary system＂, ＂ generations take service＂ and ＂tribe army service system.＂ The actual operation known the feudal dynasties of past ages, adopt conscription, also based in recruitment, it often mixed from a variety of methods. In other words, we know past dynasties of China in a way, while the soldiers set supplemented by other methods. Ming Dynasty to the military defense system based on the wei-so system. Extend the system come from the defense, gradually changed into the ＂Camp military of capital＂ and the ＂wei-hsu system of local.＂ It’s the main source of soldiers in the wei-so system which based on the ＂generations take service ＂. However, because of the fleeing soldiers, massive recruitment has begun to emerge. It’s important to recruitment of soldiers to try to replace the defense forces. Especially after a accident caused around the northern Mongolian repeated border; Meanwhile invasion of the southeast coast of Japanese pirates, with the result. Ming-recruited soldiers become the basis for external confrontation. Scholars have always discussed the military system of the Ming Dynasty, more attention the wei-so system associated regime, the Ming recruitment system rarely discussed. Analysis of the Ming Dynasty recruitment system can not only help us to understand the imperial army able to protection emperor after the middle of the Ming. In addition to helping us build a comprehensive system of the Ming Dynasty military integrity outlook As the Taiwanese military service system from the ＂conscription＂ restructuring ＂enlistment＂ reference.

並列關鍵字

Enlistment ； Generations take service ； the Wei-so System ； the Ming DynastyM ； Militia Soldier