從道書的形成看清代交人的宗教生活

The Religious Life of Scholars of the Ch'ing Dynasty as Reflected in the Production of a Taoist Book

黃兆漢(S. H. Wong)

《中國文化研究所學報》 17卷 (1986/01) Pp. 321-342

https://doi.org/10.29708/JCS.CUHK.198601_17.0014

並列摘要

The Taoist book singled out in this article is the Chang San-feng ch'ün-chi 張三丰全集 (The Complete Work of Chang San feng) attributed to the Taoist master Chang San-feng 張三丰 (c. 1314-1417) of the Ming dynasty (1368-1644). After thorough and penetrating investigation, it is found that the whole book is spurious. It was, in fact, for a large proportion fabricated by a group of Taoist scholars in the Ch'ing dynasty who were in one way or another associated with the Western Sect of the Taoist Religion. The Sect was founded by Li Hsi-yüeh 李西月 (fl. 1796-1850) of the nineteenth century. The religious life of the Taoist scholars under discussion is reflected in the following aspects in the production of the Chang San-feng ch'üan-chi: 1. Compilation of the Taoist book-not only works attributed to the Taoist master Chang San-feng were collected, but also materials from various sources on him were included. 2. Fabrication of works on Taoism-these works were put under the name of Master Chang in order to enhance his stature. Chang was regarded by the Taoist scholars as a remote patriarch of the Western Sect. 3. Writing of Taoist scriptures-a number of Taoist scriptures for the members of the Western Sect can be found in the Chang San-feng ch'üan-chi. They were obviously written by Li His-yüeh and his associates. 4. Writing of annotations and commentaries on Taoist works-for example, on the twenty-four poems on cultivation of nature and life attributed to Master Chang. 5. Indulgence of Planchette writing-it is highly probable that part of the ch'üan-chi was written in this way. 6. Investigations into the life of Taoist priests-the central figure in Master Chang. Besides him, Chang's predecessors and followers were also under investigation. The above activities constitute a significant picture of the religious life of the scholars of the Western Sect, and, to a certain extent, can be taken to reflect the religious life of the scholars of the Ch'ing dynasty as a whole.