In order to improve and enhance the emergency management capability of coal mining enterprises under the coupling effect of multiple disasters, this paper constructs a structural equation model of the emergency management capability of coal mining enterprises according to variables such as emergency preparedness ability, monitoring and early warning and emergency decision-making ability, information communication and emergency organization ability, emergency disposal and aftercare treatment ability of coal mining enterprises. A questionnaire on the emergency management capability of coal mining enterprises under the coupling effect of multiple disaster types was used to investigate coal mining enterprises, and the structural equation model was used to verify the proposed theoretical hypothesis. The results show that under the coupling effect of multiple disasters, the emergency preparedness ability, monitoring and early warning and emergency decision-making ability, information communication and emergency organization ability of coal mining enterprises have a positive impact on the emergency management ability of coal mining enterprises. According to this, suggestions are given to improve the emergency rescue capabilities of coal mining enterprises.