从县域治理视角看康雍乾永定河水灾治理

On the Management of the Yongding River(永定河) Flood during the Periods of Kangxi, Yongzheng, and Qianlong from the Perspective of County Governance

金久红(JIN Jiu-hong) ； 王玉亮(WANG Yu-liang)

《史学集刊》 185期 (2019/11) Pp. 16-24

摘要

清代康雍乾时期对永定河进行了较有成效的大规模治理。为保障治理效能，还以制度化的设官营治取代了原先应急式的临危救治，从督抚到厅汛的河务专官，再到州县官员的权责都进行了重新划定，并在实践中根据需要不断地动态调整。其间，基层县域的协同治理被日渐重视并被逐步纳入到治河的制度化保障之中。永定河县域治理职责的层层落实、逐步细化，展示了相关制度在实践摸索中的救弊迁改，这种责权归一、协调行动，在一定程度上克服了河务专官与地方州县权无统属的弊端，提高了永定河的治理效能。但由于沿河州县的佐贰官被委任为专职的河工汛员的同时还兼职州县，也造成在朝廷整体的河流治理中地方上权责过重，从而使得地方官员对本人政绩和本地利益的强烈追求，影响了朝廷整体治河方略在州县的贯彻执行。从县域层面反思这一体制的设立与调整，优点与不足，对后世的灾荒救治有很大的启示作用。

關鍵字

县域治理 ； 设官营治 ； 永定河水灾

並列摘要

During the periods of Kangxi, Yongzheng, and Qianlong of the Qing Dynasty, the Yongding River (永定河) went through effective large-scale regulation. The specialized river management system was established to ensure the effectiveness of river regulation instead of the original emergency-style treatment. The authority and responsibility of the Governor, river reach officials and county officials had been re-demarcated and constantly adjusted as needed in practice. In the meantime, the collaborative governance between counties had been paid more attention and was gradually incorporated into the institutional guarantee of river management. Implementation and gradual refinement of managerial responsibilities of the Yongding River showed the rectification and reform of the relevant system in the practice. To a certain extent, unification of both authority and responsibility together with coordinated actions overcame the disadvantages of decentralization between the river officials, local state and county authorities and improved the management effectiveness of the Yongding River. However, because vice official supervisors of the states and counties along the river were appointed as full-time river reach officials, the local power and responsibility became too heavy in the whole river management. As a result, local officials had strong pursuit of their own political performance and local interests, affecting implementation of the overall river management policies in the states and counties. Reflecting on the establishment and adjustment, advantages and disadvantages of this system from the county level will have a great enlightenment to fighting against such kind of disaster in the future.

並列關鍵字

county governance ； establishing the specialized river management system ； the Yongding River flood