从沃土到瘠壤：明清淮北地名变迁与水患成因

From Fertile Land to Barren Soil: The Transformation of Toponym and Causes of Flooding in Huaibei (淮北) during the Ming and Qing Dynasties

马俊亚(MA Jun-ya)

《史学集刊》 201期 (2022/07) Pp. 38-48

摘要

北宋以前，淮北素有“沃土”之称，是中国最重要的经济区；南宋以后逐渐衰落。民谚“江淮熟，天下足”，在宋以后变成了“苏湖熟，天下足”。原来指称淮北的“鱼盐之邦”“鱼米沃壤”“鱼米之乡”，明清后被“穷山恶水”所替代；“鱼米之乡”则成了江南的别称。淮北经历了从沃土到瘠壤的惊天衰变。明清政府在淮北的治水，首要目的不是防灾减患，而是维持漕运，严重地破坏了淮北的水文和生态环境，使水资源极为丰富的淮北成为一个工程性缺水、水质性缺水，甚至季节性缺水与季节性洪涝并行的地区。以致淮北方言中长期称田为“湖”，民众忘记了田与湖之别。

關鍵字

沃土 ； 瘠壤 ； 鱼米之乡 ； 穷山恶水

並列摘要

Before the Northern Song Dynasty, Huaibei (淮北) had been known as ＂fertile land＂ and was the most important economic zone in China. It gradually declined since the Southern Song Dynasty. After the Song Dynasty, the folk saying ＂As long as there is a bumper harvest in the Yangtze and Huai River basins, there will be no famine all over the country＂ transformed into ＂As long as the crops of Su (苏) and Hu (湖) prefectures is ripe, the whole country will be full of food＂. The original ＂land of fish and salt＂, ＂fertile land of fish and rice＂ and ＂land of fish and rice＂ in Huaibei were replaced by ＂barren hills and evil rivers＂ after the Ming and Qing Dynasties. Huaibei had experienced a dramatic decline from fertile land to barren soil. The primary purpose of the Ming and Qing governments' water control in Huaibei was not to prevent and reduce disasters, but to maintain water transportation, which seriously damaged the hydrological and ecological environment of Huaibei, making Huaibei, which was extremely rich in water resources formerly, a region of shortage of engineering water and even of seasonal concurrence of water shortage with floods. As a result, Huaibei dialect has long called farmland as ＂lake＂, and people forget the differences between lands and lakes.

並列關鍵字

fertile land ； barren soil ； land of fish and rice ； badlands