The high‐quality development of population urbanization is not only a manifestation of the high‐quality development of China's economy, but also an important part of it. This paper constructs an index system to measure the quality of population urbanization from three dimensions of life quality, population quality and urban environment quality, and conducts an empirical study on the quality of population urbanization in Anhui Province through setting grade standards and factor analysis. The results show that, firstly, the overall quality of population urbanization in Anhui Province is low, which is in the middle and low quality grade. Second, regional development is unbalanced. Hefei is still the city with the highest urbanization quality, and the overall quality of urbanization is higher in southern cities than in northern cities. Currently, Anhui Province is in a period of development opportunities where the quality of urbanization has the potential to improve at a fast speed. Therefore, the concept of "people‐centered and market‐supported" must be upheld to effectively improve the happiness brought by urbanization to people.