話し言葉としての日本語ポライトネス表現について－教科書会話文における「そうですか」を例に

禮貌（politeness）在溝通上相當重要，有禮貌會讓溝通較順利，進而構築良好的人際關係。沒有禮貌或其程度不夠反而導致誤會、感情摩擦等，造成溝通失敗。但是現行日語教科書中，有許多對話文以「そうですか（中文意思為”是這樣子啊”）」當做對發言者的反應，讓研究者懷疑是否在該場面這樣說，這就是本研究的出發點。本研究進行教科書調查與問卷調查。教科書調查為兩種日語教科書與實際會話的比較及考察。透過此調查，得知對話文中大部分的「そうですか」是不伴隨感嘆詞的獨立句型，而且連接發言並讓對話順暢的詞語也很少，因而導致很多對話陷入不自然或不夠禮貌的狀況。問卷調查則是為了瞭解日語母語者針對研究者認為有問題的會話文的看法，以及在這些場合母語者會如何回答，以母語者的回答作為各場合的標準回答，進而從禮貌的角度檢討「そうですか」在各場合的用法和特徵。此問卷同樣對台灣人學習者為對象進行調查，透過此結果可了解他們對禮貌的理解度與指導時需注意的地方。由此調查可知： 1. 發言者有些特別意圖使用「そうですか」獨立句型時，此也是正確用法，問題是學習者若不知道此用法差別，無法自己判斷或正確地使用。 2. 「そうですか」有兩層禮貌策略：外層為【隨聲附和】和【對於對方的意見】、內層為【對於對方的意見】中的話語。外層為「發言因素」，前者表示「注意到對方發言」，後者則是「強調針對對方發言內容的興趣」。完備此兩個因素時，可以表示整體發言有考慮到對方的心情。再加上內層的禮貌策略，發言者的意圖能夠更正確的表達給對方。研究者認為在日語教育上，只指導詞語一般意思不足，讓學習者理解在每個場合上的意思和用法，以利於減少學習者導致溝通失敗的可能性。

關鍵字

日語禮貌表現；日語禮貌策略；日語教育

並列摘要

Politeness is quite important in communication. This makes communication smoothly, and even helps us to build a good relationship. But if the politeness is lack or less in speech, it would cause miscommunication like misunderstanding. However, many Japanese textbooks have some problems about this point. For example, most of responses in dialogues are ”sodesuka( I see. )”. This makes the researcher wonder if native speakers really response like this in this situation, and it became the research motive. This research has two surveys: textbook survey and questionnaire survey. The textbook survey is the comparison of two kind of Japanese textbooks and actual conversation. From this survey, author found out that most of “sodesuka” is used without any interjections in dialogues, and also, filler words seldom appeared. These make dialogues unnatural or impolite. About the questionnaire survey, its purpose is to understand how native Japanese speakers think the dialogues which the researcher found incorrect, and how they answer in these situations. By their answers, it is possible to get suggested answers for each dialogue, then examine the usage of “sodesuka” in each situation from the aspect of Politeness. This questionnaire survey was also conducted to Taiwanese learners, in order to figure out how much they understand Japanese politeness. From this survey, the researcher got two results below: 1) When the speaker use “sodesuka” without any interjections, but if he has a certain intention to do so, this type of usage also correct. However, it is not easy for learners to distinguish these differences, this is a problem for teaching. 2) “sodesuka” has two-layer in the structure of politeness strategy. Outer layer are “Interjections(A)” and “Comments for the speaker(B)”, and inner layer is an expression of B. Each of the outer layer is “utterance element”, the A means “the listener pays attention to the speaker”, the B emphasizes the listener’s interests to the speaker or what he spoke. When an utterance has these two elements, it can be regarded as considering the person he is speaking to. In addition, the politeness strategy of inner layer plays a role in transferring the speaker’s intention to the listener much correctly. Therefore, the researcher thinks that teaching one meaning of the word is not enough, making learners understand its meanings and usages in each situation is necessary. This helps them to decrease possibility of miscommunication.