我國法官政治中立之研究

Research on political neutrality of Taiwan’s judges

劉鍾錡(Zhong-Qi Liu)

指導教授 ： 朱武獻

國立臺灣大學/社會科學院/國家發展研究所/碩士(2011年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU.2011.00621

摘要

法官與國家之關係為法官特別任用關係，與一般公務員與國家之間為公法上職務關係有所不同。對法官之要求特重於審判獨立，我國憲法第80條有明文，而在審判獨立之中，法官尤須超出於黨派以外，於內、外在行為舉止必須有所節制，即法官在政治活動上有限制或禁止的可能性，本論文所探討者係法官之政治中立。
法官與一般人民並無差異，享有憲法上基本權利，限制法官參與政治活動及禁止其加入政黨係侵害法官憲法上政治基本權利，即言論、集會、結社等自由及參政權。因此，要求法官在政治上中立之際，仍然須審查該限制手段之合憲性。
目前國內相關法制僅有法官守則及各級法院法官自律委員會實施要點，但規定均不夠完備、或有條文不確定之問題、或有以職務命令侵害法官之權利之問題。而法官法草案研擬多年，仍在立法院審查中，一旦通過將可解決上述問題。另外，司法院亦制定法官倫理規範作為法官法相關條文之配套。美國與日本法制雖與我國不同，但其中仍有借鏡之處，尤其我國法官倫理發展未臻成熟，而美國發展已久且成熟，規定更較我國繁複，值得學習。
本文嘗試藉由法官倫理規範，探究基於法官職務之特殊性所必須在政治方面保持中立之可能性，並舉出法官違反政治中立之實例，再依照目前政治局勢及社會狀況對法官審判獨立可能產生之影響，人民普遍對法官參與政治的觀感，提出結論，期望提供大眾對法官之政治中立更進一步的思考。

關鍵字

法官 ； 政治中立 ； 政黨 ； 政治活動 ； 基本權利

並列摘要

There is between the State and a public functionary a relationship of official service under the public law, different from it between the State and judges. The request for judges emphasizes judicial independence, pursuant to Article 80 of the Constitution, and Judges must remain non-partisan especially. Furthermore, judges must restrict their internal and external behaviors by themselves, that is to say, there is a possibility of restriction on judges about political activity. That is what this thesis studies.
Judges are as the same as the general public, so that they enjoy fundamental constitutional rights. Restriction to partake in political activity and prohibition against joining a political party on judges infringe their political rights, including freedom of speech、assembly、association and other suffrage rights. Thus,it should still review constitutionality of these restriction and prohibition while asking judges to remain neutral.
There are Judicial Code and Implemental Guidelines of self-controlled committee for judges of all leves at present, but there are problems that regulations of them are imcomplete or articles are uncertain or infringement of fundamental rights of judges by duty commands. Judges Act have been drawn up for moe than two decades,and remain being screened in The Legislative Yuan now. The foregoing problems will be solved as soon as Judges Act is legislated. In addition. Judicial Yuan also drafts Ethical Principles for Judges to match up Judicial Act. Although American and Japanese legal systems differ from ours, we could follow the example of them. American regulations have developed longer、maturer and complicated than ours so that it is worth learning from them.
This thesis attempts to research into the possibility of keeping political neutrality on the basis of specific characteristics of judicial duties by Ethical Principles for Judges, and exemplifies violation of judicial political neutrality; moreover, according to possible influence of present political situation and social condition on judicial independence, and the general public viewpoints, the thesis makes a conclusion.

並列關鍵字

judge ； political neutrality ； political activity ； fundamental rights

參考文獻

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