自在悠遊的世界觀——聖嚴法師的和平思想與國際行動個案研究

聖嚴法師（1930-2009）是一位具有多元「公共身分」的佛教領袖，歷經中日戰爭、國共內戰、中美斷交等重大歷史事件。雖然國際關係與和平研究出現超越「政治」、「西方」、「國家」範疇的反省聲音，然而關注於「遠東」議題，以聖嚴法師國際行旅歷史軌跡為基礎，討論其和平思想的相關研究，尚付之闕如。本論文研究聖嚴法師的傳記文本與演說文稿，以質性研究取向建立「僧侶遊方文化」的參照推論概念框架，透過歷史文獻研究、傳記研究的「參照推論分析」和「敘事認同」、「創造的詮釋學」與個案研究之方法，綜合論述聖嚴法師生命史、身分建構及其國際行動，並探究三者與聖嚴法師和平思想的關係。首先，本文發現「僧侶遊方文化」詞彙內涵與空間區域之變化，該現象容受當代社會議題化解之任務而持續發展，顯露有別古代的新風貌，並以Kearney「世界觀動態模型」加以描述。此外，關於身分建構，奠定於分析其「世界公民」與「宗教思想家」的定位，本文提出「動態認知焦點身分認同」的概念，關懷全球化時代的身分認同議題。再者，本文發現其自1970年代以來的國際行動可分為四個階段，而呈現為鑲嵌於東亞國際社會局勢變遷的歷史脈絡。最後，本文提出聖嚴法師倡議和平的國際參與是具有「實踐語句」內涵的「言語行動」。其和平思想以「心靈環保」為內容、「教義新詮」為思考核心、「全球倫理」為上位原則、「世界和平宣言」為依循框架，注重培養個人「內在和平」，創造「人間淨土」的文化內涵。整體而言，本文分析其和平思想的個人理念層次、社會互動層次、國際文化層次與內涵，結果顯示「反思性」是其思想回應國際社會局勢與當代社會議題的重要特質，藉由聖嚴法師和平事務的國際參與視角，補充從「非國家行為者」層面討論國際關係之研究，對話入江昭所提出的「跨國主義」。

關鍵字

世界公民；和平；東亞；國際關係；聖嚴法師；僧侶遊方文化

並列摘要

Master Sheng Yen (1930-2009) was a Buddhist leader with various “public identities” throughout the Sino-Japanese War and the Chinese Civil War, during which the United States ended official diplomatic relations with Republic of China. International relations and peace research scholars contend that their field should transcend “political science,” “the west,” and “the state;” however, the current literature does not focus much on the “far east,” thus little is known about the Sheng Yen’s teachings of peace based on the historical trajectory of his international odysseys. This study rediscovers Sheng Yen’s biographical texts and speeches to establish the “peregrination culture of Sangha” as the inferential conceptual framework through qualitative approach. By adopting methods of historical literature research, “inferential analysis” and “narrative identity” in biographical research, creative hermeneutics, and case study, this thesis examines Master Sheng Yen’s life history, identity construction, and international action while exploring these three aspects in relation to his teachings on peace. Firstly, this research, which illustrates Kearney’s World-View Model, demonstrates that the mission of solving contemporary social issues shows the variety of definitions and spatial expanses of the “peregrination culture of Sangha.” Furthermore, in discerning Sheng Yen’s identity construction, this thesis raises a notion called “dynamically cognitive focus of identity” while analyzing his “global citizen” and “religious thinker” identities stemming from the humanistic solicitude of identity issues in the era of globalization. In addition, his international actions since the 1970s show four periods defined by the development and flux in the East Asian international social climate. Lastly, his international participation in advocating peace is a so-called “speech act” in the spirit of “performative utterance.” For his teachings on peace, the essence is “protecting the spiritual environment;” the core thinking is “reinterpretation of religious doctrines;” the epistatic principle is “global ethics;” and the overarching framework is “Commitment to Global Peace.” This commitment focusing on developing “inner peace” of individuals creates “a pure land on earth” as a cultural connotation. Overall, by analyzing the arrangements of Sheng Yen’s personal ideas, social interactions, international cultures, and connotations of peace teachings, the essay shows that “reflexivity” is a significant characteristic of his thinking in response to the contemporary era’s international social climate and social issues. Additionally, from the perspective of his international participation in peace affairs, this thesis supplements the “non-state actors” theory in international relations and bridges the “transnationalism” theory proposed by Akira Iriye.

並列關鍵字

Global Citizen ； Peace ； East Asia ； International Relations ； Master Sheng Yen ； Peregrination Culture of Sangha

參考文獻

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《大正新脩大藏經》與《嘉興大藏經》的資料引用是出自「中華電子佛典協會」（Chinese Buddhist Electronic Text Association, 簡稱 CBETA）的電子佛典系列光碟(2016)。文中引用《大正新脩大藏經》出處是依冊數、經號、頁數、欄數、行數之順序記錄，例如：（T04, no. 200, p. 255a24-25）；引用《嘉興大藏經》出處是依冊數、經號、頁數、欄數、行數之順序記錄，例如：（J24, no. B137, p. 358c6-8）。