形容詞の派生名詞「〜さ」と「〜み」に関して―共起表現をめぐって―

從日本語言學的「形態論」觀點來看，一個「詞根（base）」會根據其後所接續的「接尾詞（suffix）」而改變整個詞彙的性質，或是品詞的分類。而本研究重點則是著重在形容詞語幹接續接尾詞後所產生的「派生名詞」。特別針對形容詞名詞化所產生的「〜さ」及「〜み」兩類義派生名詞作為本研究的考察對象。以往的文獻主要是針對接尾詞「−さ」和「−み」本身的語意進行比較，並探討兩者在接續限制上有所差異的原因。但是對於這類派生名詞的用法卻鮮少有所研究分析。因此本研究以「共起的名詞」、「共起的動詞」、「構文的特徵」等共起表現，並按照「形狀、顏色」、「味覺、嗅覺」、「強弱」、「程度」、「感情」等形容詞分類，整理「〜さ」及「〜み」派生名詞在使用層面上的特徵，並加以探討兩者的使用傾向。首先，以共起名詞來說，可以看出「～さ」和「～み」派生名詞節的意味分佈，會根據派生名詞的語意領域的不同而有所差異。而就共起動詞的使用傾向來說，由於與「～さ」、「～み」派生名詞的語意領域以及派生名詞節的語意特徵均有所關聯，所以各自共起的動詞都有所不同。最後，從構文的特徵來看，則是與語意領域無關，而是根據「～さ」和「～み」派生名詞本身語意的廣度與明確性而呈現相異的構文表現。即，「～さ」的語意廣泛，而「～み」具有較明確的語意，故兩者在構文的表現上呈現鮮明的對比。本研究不僅僅是「語」的層次，更擴張至「句」的層次來加以探討「～さ」、「～み」派生名詞在文句中的表現及使用傾向，透過這樣的考察更能夠具體掌握兩者的差異。

關鍵字

形容詞名詞化；派生名詞；類義語；接尾詞；共起表現

並列摘要

In the morphology of Japanese linguistic, a base will according to the suffix which it attaches to change the character of a word, or the classification of the part of speech. This study is the one that focusing on the Japanese noun derivation which the suffix attaches to stem of adjective. Especially aim at the nominalization of adjective, noun derivation “~sa” and “~mi”. The majority of the literature review is mainly discussing the meaning of the suffix “-sa” and “-mi”, and the reason leading to the different restriction of derivation. However, the usage of those noun derivation is rarely mentioned. As a result, on the basis of the category of adjective, this study analyzed “~sa” and “~mi” from the “co-occurrence”, in order to find out the tendency of the usage. To begin with, from the co-occurrence of the nouns, the semantic distribution of noun derivation clause depends on each semantic field. Second, from the co-occurrence of the verbs, one can know that the tendency of usage is not only relate to the semantic fields but also the semantic characters of the “~sa” and “~mi”. At last, it shows that the characters of the sentence structure depend on the width or the clarity of the semantic of “~sa” and “~mi”, regardless of semantic fields. In other words, “~sa” has the wide meanings, on the other hand, “~mi” has the more definite meanings, this difference makes each of them show the opposite characters on the sentence. This study not just stands on the “vocabulary” level, but also extend to the “sentence” level to examine the tendency of usage of noun derivation “~sa” and “~mi”. Via this study, we can grasp the difference between these two synonyms more specifically.