燒烤餐飲油煙中多環芳香烴及重金屬排放特徵之研究

Emission Characteristics of PAHs and Heavy Metals in Charcoal Barbecue Oil Fume

江品學(Pin-Hsueh Chiang)

指導教授 ： 李慧梅

國立臺灣大學/工學院/環境工程學研究所/碩士(2019年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU201901956

摘要

燒烤在台灣屬於非常流行之餐飲型態，並根據TEDS 9.0可知台灣之主要都會區─台北市之餐飲油煙占細懸浮微粒(PM2.5)總排放量之26%，屬於主要排放源之一。為研究燒烤餐飲業對於空氣汙染之貢獻及排放模式，本研究在燃燒木炭過程中淋滴豬油，以模擬燒烤行為中肉品油脂(豬油)淋滴在木炭(炭精及備長炭)上之過程，建立建立燒烤餐飲過程所排放汙染物之排放特徵，包含細懸浮微粒(PM2.5)、多環芳香烴、重金屬等汙染物以及氣狀物汙染物。
根據研究結果顯示，豬油滴落至木炭上確實造成汙染物排放量增加。炭精及備長炭在淋滴豬油瞬間使PM2.5分別上升為未淋滴組別之14倍及296倍，而在排放係數上則以備長炭-豬油最高(13887.35 mg/kg)，炭精-豬油(5884.02 mg/kg)次之。在重金屬方面，發現鐵(Fe)、鉀(K)為主要重金屬汙染物，總重金屬排放係數最高者為炭精-豬油(781376.61 μg/kg)，可能來源除了木炭本身富含之元素外，烹飪器具也是可能來源之一。PM2.5之多環芳香烴(PAHs)以MMW-PAHs為主要成分，前三高者依序為Pyr>FL>PA，總PAHs之平均排放濃度為880.16~311206.91 ng/m3，已達μg/m3濃度，排放係數更達32724.82 ~16807132.16 ng/kg。另外根據Diagnostic ratio，BaA/(BaA+CHR)、BaP/(BaP+BeP)、BaP/(BaP+BghiP)可區分出木炭是否淋滴豬油。木炭燃燒組別大致與燃煤、木材燃燒或石油類發生源特性相近，而淋滴豬油之組別則與交通源、輕油類發生源特性相近。
根據氣狀汙染物之分析結果，豬油滴落至木炭上同樣造成汙染物排放量增加。淋滴豬油使醛類排放大幅上升，最高值皆出現在備長炭-豬油，甲醛、乙醛及丙烯醛之排放係數最高值分別為495.90±76.59 mg/kg、1583.13±392.57 mg/kg、2788.14±159.68 mg/kg，其中淋滴豬油造成之丙烯醛排放係數上升幅度，炭精為395倍，備長炭為2681倍。苯、甲苯、乙苯、鄰-二甲苯上升較多的組別分別為備長炭-豬油(19倍)、炭精-豬油(39倍)、炭精-豬油(141倍)、備長炭-豬油(237倍)，而對人體健康危害較大的苯最高平均排放濃度為備長炭-豬油之102.97±8.33 ppb，次之為炭精-豬油94.11±15.27 ppb。
整體而言，污染物排放量皆在豬油淋滴下有明顯增加，而在500℃相同燃燒條件之排放係數來看，炭精與備長炭相近者為：二氧化碳及氮氧化物，炭精較高者有一氧化碳、碳氫化合物及總重金屬，備長炭較高者為：甲醛、乙醛、丙烯醛、苯、甲苯、乙苯、鄰-二甲苯、PM2.5及總PAHs。研究結果顯示燒烤時應盡量避免油脂滴落於木炭上，而燒烤用木炭選擇上則以炭精為較佳之選擇。

關鍵字

燒烤 ； 木炭 ； PM2.5 ； 重金屬 ； 多環芳香烴

並列摘要

Barbecue(BBQ) is a popular cooking style in Taiwan. Accroding to TEDS 9.0, the catering oil fume shares 26% of PM2.5 emmitted in Taipei City, Taiwan. The objective of this research is to investigate the characteristics of air pollutants of oil fume emitted from charcoal barbeque in Taiwan by simulating lard dripped on charcoal(briquette and binchotan) in BBQ process, and the pollutants investigated including PM2.5, PM2.5-bounded metals and PAHs, and several gaseous pollutants.
The results indicate that dripping lard on charcoal in BBQ causes pollutants rised immediately and extremely high. Dripping lard on briquette makes PM2.5 up to 14 times of no dripping lard, and also dripping lard on binchotan makes PM2.5 up to 296 times of no dripping lard. The highest EF of PM2.5 is 13887.35 mg/kg when dripping lard on binchotan. The second high EF of PM2.5 is 5884.02 mg/kg when dripping lard on binchotan. Furthermore, iron(Fe) and potassium(K) are aboundant in the PM2.5. These PM2.5-bounded metals are probably released from stainless steel cookwares. In PM2.5-bounded PAHs, MMW-PAHs are the highest contents in PM2.5, and the top three of PAHs are Pyr, FL and PA. The average emission concentration of total PAHs is 80.16~311206.91 ng/m3 in all experiment cases. Also, the EF of total PAH emitted is high as 32724.82 ~16807132.16 ng/kg. PAH diagnostic ratio could identifying the pollution source as a good tool. BaA/(BaA+CHR), BaP/(BaP+BeP) and BaP/(BaP+BghiP) can distinguish whether lard dripping on charcoal or not. The PAH diagnostic ratios of charcoal combustion are similiar to petrogenic sources, wood and coal combustion, and the dripping lard cases are similiar to pyrogenic sources and traffic sourse.
Dripping lard on charcoals also cause the rising of gaseous plooutant emission. The highest EF of formaldehyde, acetaldehyde and acrolein are emitted in dripping lard on binchotan cases, as 495.90±76.59 mg/kg, 1583.13±392.57 mg/kg and 2788.14±159.68 mg/kg. Dripping lard on briquette makes acrolein up to 395 times of no dripping lard, and also dripping lard on binchotan makes acrolein up to 2681 times of no dripping lard. For VOCs, dripping lard makes 19 times of benzene emitted of binchotans drippined lard, 39 times of toluene emitted of briquettes drippined lard, 141 times of ethylbenzene emitted of briquettes drippined lard, and 237 times of o-xylene emitted of binchotans drippined lard.
In general, most pollutants are rising by dripping lard on charcoals. In same combustion situations in 500℃, briquettes and binchotans have similar EF on CO2 and NOx emisions, briquettes have higher EF than binchotans on CO, hydrocarbons and total metals emisions, and binchotans have higher EF than briquettes on formaldehye, acetaldehyde , acrolein, benzene, toluene, ethylbenzene, o-xylene, PM2.5 and total PAHs emisions. The research shows that avoiding lard dripping on charcoals during BBQ could decrease the emissions of most pollutants, and briquettes are better charcoals for BBQ.

並列關鍵字

BBQ ； charcoal ； PM2.5 ； metal ； PAH

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