栽培介質及營養管理對火鶴花生育之影響

Effect of Growing Medium and Nutrition Management on the Growth and Development of Anthurium andraeanum Lind.

張耿衡(Keng-Heng Chang)

指導教授 ： 鍾仁賜

國立臺灣大學/生物資源暨農學院/農業化學研究所/博士(2011年)

https://doi.org/10.6342/NTU.2011.10826

摘要

火鶴花為熱帶花卉中，重要的切花作物。近年來，由於栽培面積及產量持續增加，已成為臺灣主要切花作物。肥料成份及施用量，為影響火鶴切花產量及品質的關鍵因素之一。作物的實際營養需求則受栽培介質、作物種類、生長期及氣候等因素所影響。適合台灣火鶴切花生產之標準栽培模式仍未建立。尤其在栽培介質及肥培管理等方面，仍有許多問題尚待克服。因此，本研究之目的係針對臺灣火鶴花產業特性，探討：(一) 產業常用之椰塊介質及其他三種介質對火鶴花生育之影響；(二) 施用緩釋肥料、養液及有機質肥料等三種肥培管理對火鶴花生育之影響；(三) 椰纖栽培模式下，養液氮、鉀及鈣對火鶴花生育之影響；(四) 季節氣候變動、肥料效應及火鶴花生育間之關係；(五) 遮蔭配合養液處理，對火鶴花花芽分化之影響。研究結果顯示，中椰纖、中椰纖混合細椰纖及中椰纖混合人造纖維等介質栽培火鶴花，植株生育及切花產量與品質，皆優於人造纖維介質栽培者。人造纖維栽培效果不佳之原因應是，人造纖維之高保水力，影響介質通氣性，進而影響火鶴花生育。中椰纖混合人造纖維介質栽培植株之切花瓶插壽命較其他處理短。四種介質中，以中椰纖及中椰纖混合細椰纖，適合作為臺灣火鶴切花生產系統之栽培介質。豌豆稻殼堆肥處理之火鶴花植株，在生育、切花產量及品質皆相似於養液處理者，甚至優於傳統緩釋肥處理者。牛糞茶渣堆肥處理植株生育緩慢，乃導因於氮供應不足，進而影響葉片之碳同化力。以椰纖栽培火鶴花，不同氮型態處理養液對火鶴花生育影響不顯著。養液氮濃度維持於105 mg L-1，鉀濃度維持於176 mg L-1，鈣濃度維持於45 mg L-1，足夠供應火鶴花正常生育及切花生產之需求。此外，養液中氮濃度維持於158 mg L-1，鉀濃度維持於264 mg L-1，可提昇椰纖栽培生產之火鶴切花品質。定植初期，適當地提高氮供給，有益於已進入合軸生長期之火鶴花苗生育。臺灣週年栽培火鶴花，植株之生育、切花產量及營養吸收，會受季節變動干擾所影響及限制。春夏季節適合火鶴花生育，不同濃度氮處理對火鶴花生育及切花產量之影響，處理間具有顯著之差異。秋冬季節，不同氮處理效應並不顯著。養液之氮濃度由160 mg L-1或120 mg L-1降低至80 mg L-1，鈣濃度由90 mg L-1降低至60 mg L-1或30 mg L-1，可促進火鶴花初始花芽分化，顯著縮短火鶴花營養生長期。減少遮蔭程度，亦可縮短火鶴花營養生長期，並促進火鶴花葉片與花增生。低遮蔭處理下，養液[氮]/[鈣]為80 mg L-1/30 mg L-1或80 mg L-1/60 mg L-1，可縮短火鶴花營養生長期及增加切花產量。中椰纖為介質之火鶴花養液栽培，能改善臺灣傳統栽培管理 (農業廢棄資材為介質配合施用緩效肥料) 所產生之問題。並促進火鶴花生育，提昇切花產量及品質，降低生產成本，提昇產業競爭力。

關鍵字

介質 ； 營養 ； 火鶴花

並列摘要

The Anthurium (Anthurium andreanum Lind.) is one of the most important cut flowers among tropical plants. Recently it has become a common cut flower in Taiwan, and its cultivation acreage and yield have been increasing steadily. The supply of nutrient is a key factor affecting the growth and yield of the cut flower of Anthurium. The optimal supply of nutrient depends on a number of factors including medium status, species, growing stage, and climate. The standard cultivation model for the cut flower production of Anthurium is unestablished in Taiwan, included some technologies concerning the growing medium and fertilization management especially. Thus, the objectives of this research were to study (1) the effects of growing medium on the growth of Anthurium, (2) the effects of chemical and organic fertilizers on the growth and nutrient uptake of Anthurium, (3) the effects of the nitrogen (N), potassium (K), and calcium (Ca) concentrations in nutrient solution on the growth and nutrient uptake of Anthurium cultivated in the coir, (4) the effects of fertilization management on the growth and nutrient uptake of Anthurium in the coir under season fluctuations in subtropical condition, and (5) the effects of shadings and N and Ca concentrations in nutrient solution on the emergence of flower of Anthurium. The results showed that the growth and yield of plants cultivated in the middle coir, fine coir mixed into middle coir, and artificial textile fiber mixed into middle coir were superior to that cultivated in the artificial textile fiber. The retardant growth of plants cultivated in the artificial textile fiber has been explained as being due to poor aeration in the rhizosphere, most likely as the result of the highest water holding capacity among the treatents. The plants cultivated in artificial textile fiber mixed into middle coir showed the shorter vase life of cut flowers. In short, middle coir or fine coir mixed with middle coir were suitable for the Anthurium for the cut flower production. The growth, development, yield, and cut flower quality of Anthurium receiving the pea and rice hull compost treatment were the same as those receiving chemical nutrient solution and even superior to those receiving controlled release fertilizer, which is part of the conventional fertilization management. The significantly lower responses of the growth and development of Anthurium to these cattle dung and tea leaf residue compost could be due to the insufficient N supply from cattle dung and tea leaf residue compost and result in lowered carbon (C) assimilation. There was no significant difference in the growth, development, yield, and cut flower quality among the plants that received different [NH4+-N]/[NO3- -N] ratios in the nutrient solution. The N, K, and Ca concentration of 105, 176, and 45 mg L-1 in the nutrient solution sufficiently met the nutrient requirements of Anthurium cultivated in the coir for the growth. However, the plants receiving the N and K concentration of 158 and 264 mg L-1 in the nutrient solution produced higher quality cut flower. The N concentration of 158 or 210 mg L-1 in the nutrient solution seemed to be advantageous for the growth of Anthurium during the initial growing stage immediately after transplanting. The effect of various rates N supply on the growth and flower yield of the plants was different in the period of optimum growth condition for the Anthurium. On the other hand, the effect of various N rates was non-significantly in the autumn and winter. Therefore, the growth, flower yield, and nutrient uptake of the plants were restricted by the interference of the seasonal fluctuations in subtropical condition during all the year round cultivation. The emergence rate of initial flower in plants receiving lower [N] (80 mg L-1) or [Ca] (30 and 60 mg L-1) was higher than in those receiving higher [N] (120 and 160 mg L-1) or [Ca] (90 mg L-1). The slight shading was beneficial for emergence rate of initial flower and increased flower number of Anthurium. The [N]/[Ca] of 80 mg L-1/30 mg L-1 or 80 mg L-1/60 mg L-1 in nutrient solution was advantageous for the emergence of initial flower and flower yield of Anthurium in slight shading treatment. The newly developed cut flower production system which the Anthurium was cultivated in the middle coir with fertigation could reduce the problems caused from the application of traditional growing medium and fertilization management in Taiwan. Owing to the cost down and the promotion in the plant growth and cut flower yield and quality, the newly developed production system by this study may enhanced the competitiveness of Anthurium industry in Taiwan.

並列關鍵字

Medium ； Nutrition ； Anthurium andraeanum Lind.

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