在台越南移工的跨國工作生涯及其未來意象

勞工的跨國移動已經是亞洲地區的常態，台灣自從1990年代起，正式接受東南亞移工的進入。到2019年已經高達71萬在台灣的跨國移工。在歷經三十年的歷史過程，所謂的「仲介問題」、「移工逃跑問題」一直無法解決。再者，台灣政府從97年成立「直接聘僱聯合服務中心」，目標是協助僱主自行聘僱外籍勞工，有效節省外籍移工來台工作的經濟負擔。但是經過十二餘年來此直聘中心仍無達到理想的目標。本研究以越南-台灣之間的跨國勞工移動過程為例，來探討何種因素引起越南移工來台工作、哪些人事物會參與以及影響到此國際的移動過程、移動的費用及如何減少不該參與此過程的相關角色。再者，從既有的文獻當中，大部分的研究是關於移工的制度及政策面向探討，比較少研究者直接與移工接觸，傾聽當事人的聲音，所以本文研究者希望通過跟越南移工參與觀察與深度訪談，可以站在移工的角度來發聲，從移工的經驗來了解他們眼中的台灣。研究者試圖找出情節分析的兩條關鍵軸線，分別為國家的角色跟仲介的影響力雙變項軸線，藉由這兩個雙變項軸線，將歸納出四個對移工可能發展的未來。再者希望通過多數越南文獻的觀點探討來台越南移工的議題。研究發現越南移工來台遷移過程中不只仲介高額收費、待遇不平、收到剝削等現象，越南各地方牛頭再者介入到移工移動過程以及在台也出現牛頭，不少部分還是要依賴這些人物才得出國工作或是在台灣轉換僱主。移工離開家鄉出國工作已經是很辛苦了，還收到層層剝削，這對於移工們來說是很不公平的事。因而，透過兩邊政府的制度設計，降低或廢除中間的剝削機制是越南及台灣政府提升移工權益重要的任務。

關鍵字

跨國遷移；越南移工；仲介；「牛頭」；直聘中心

並列摘要

The transnational labor migration is a common phenomena in Asia, and Taiwan has officially approved the admission of immigrant workers from Southeast Asia since the 1990s. By 2019, there have been as many as 710,000 transnational workers in Taiwan. Over the course of three decades, the so-called "intermediary problem" and " the problem of runaway migrant workers" have never been solved. In addition, the Taiwanese government established the "Direct Hiring Service Center" in 1997. The goal is to assist employers to hire foreign workers on their own, and effectively save the financial burden of foreign immigrant workers to work in Taiwan. However, after more than twelve years, this direct employment center still failed to achieve the expected goal. The purpose of this study is exploring what factors cause Vietnamese immigrant workers to work in Taiwan, which people and things will participate, and the international migration process that affects this, the cost of mobility, and how to reduce the relevant roles involved in this process, by using an example about the movement of Vietnam-Taiwan’s cross-border labor. Furthermore, from the existing literature, most of the research is about the system and policy of labor immigration, there are relatively few researchers have direct contact with immigrant workers and listen to the voices from them. Therefore, the researcher of this paper hope to contact with the immigrant workers from Vietnam by means of participation, observation and in-depth interviews, and speak out for their and interests, and understand Taiwan from their perspectives. The researcher tries to find two key axes based on scenario analysis, namely the dual factors are the role of the state and the influence of the intermediary. With these two variable axis, four future possible development of immigrant workers will be summarized. Besides, the researcher hopes to discuss the issue of Taiwan’s immigrant worker from Vietnam by way of the viewpoint of most Vietnamese literatures. The study found that there are some situations including high intermediary fees, uneven treatment, and exploitation encountered during the process of Vietnamese migrant workers moving to Taiwan. Not only the bullheads from all over Vietnam were involved in the migration process but also appeared in Taiwan. Many workers must depend on them in order to go abroad to work or switch employers in Taiwan. It has been very hard for immigrant workers to leave their hometowns to work abroad, and they have suffered from multiple exploitation, which is very unfair to them. Therefore, it is a very important for bilateral governments to control and abolish these processes that should not be involved in labor migration.