清代小說教亂書寫研究

歷來研究清代小說教亂書寫多圍繞在不同民間教派的小說特色，討論民間教派在小說中如何被呈現。而本論文則在前人研究之上，結合官方史料、民間紀載、教派內部文獻、文人筆記與野史等材料，思考描寫明清民間教亂的小說敘事何以在清代紛呈而出，並以「文化生產」、「小說類型學」和「敘事學」為研究方法，討論清代小說教亂書寫中的共性與殊性，藉由「清代小說教亂書寫」可見作為跨類型小說的教亂書寫在清代不同時期、不同／同一作者的創作之下，反映出共同的價值觀與歷史意識；而「敘事學」的研究方法則可討論清代小說教亂書寫之間的相互關係，不論是描寫同樣或不同的民間教亂題材，都可見個別小說教亂書寫的特色。　　本論文將主要分為四章，第二章討論「清代出版文化與小說教亂書寫的蓬勃」，分別從小說序跋與評點探討清代出版文化的變化，如何影響小說作者的創作心態與目的，而從其交遊圈所輻射的序跋與評點者、出版商；又如何在清代小說禁毀令的文網下，隱微地呈現出共同的意識形態與各異的呈現手法特色。第三章則是「民間教派、幫會人物形象的解構與重構」，討論民間教派、幫會人物形象的重疊性與相似性之意義，並指出其顛覆與游離的形象意涵。第四章是「多重的政教辯證關係」，在政教關係的變化之下，討論人物形象如何影響小說中敘述的政教關係，而政教合作與衝突的敘事意義為何？第五章則討論「多元的政教戰爭模式與情感論述」，政教關係影響了政教戰爭的模式，小說教亂書寫中出現的情感論述，可做為官方觀點的參照，並挖掘情感論述的不同面貌如何呈現作者的歷史意識。從上述議題可見清代同一／不同作者與不同時期的小說教亂書寫，既有共同的意識形態與價值觀，也有多元化的敘事特色及其意義，故研究清代小說教亂書寫對於重新理解清代小說史有其重要性。

關鍵字

小說教亂書寫；民間教派；政教關係；幫會；團練

並列摘要

Historically, studies on the writing of religious chaos in Qing Dynasty novels have focused on describing the characteristics of different folk sects and discussing how folk sects are presented in novels. And this thesis is based on previous studies, combined with official historical materials, folk chronicles, internal sect literature, literati notes, and unofficial history, to consider why novel narratives describing the civil rebellion in Ming and Qing dynasties emerged in the Qing Dynasty. “Cultural production”, “fiction typology” and “narratology” are the research methods to discuss the commonalities and specialities in the narratives of the Qing Dynasty novels. By constructing the “Qing Dynasty novels narrative group”, it can be seen as a cross-genre. The narratives of the novels and chaos in the Qing Dynasty reflect common values and historical consciousness under the creation of different/same authors in different periods of the Qing Dynasty. The research method of “narratology” can be discussed the interrelationships between the narratives of religious rebellion in the novels of Qing Dynasty, no matter they describe the same or different themes of civil rebellion, the characteristics of the narratives of individual religious rebellions can be seen in individual novels. This thesis will be divided into four chapters. The second chapter discusses “Qing Dynasty Publishing Culture: Prefaces, Postscripts, Criticisms, and Images”. From the prefaces, postscripts, comments, and images of novels, the changes in the publishing culture of the Qing Dynasty are discussed and how they affect the creation of authors, writing mentality and purpose, as well as the prefaces, postscripts, critics, and publishers radiated from the circle of friends. How to subtly present a common ideology and different presentation methods under the literary network of the prohibition of novels in the Qing Dynasty. The third chapter is “The Deconstruction and Reconstruction of the Characters of Folk Sects and Gangs”, discussing the meaning of the overlap and similarity of the characters of folk sects and gangs, and pointed out the image meaning of their subversion and separation. The fourth chapter is “multiple dialectical relations between state and religion”. Under the changing relationship between state and religion, it discusses how the character image affects the relationship between state and religion described in the novel. What is the significance to narrate cooperation and conflict between state and religion? Chapter five discusses “multiple modes of war between political and religious, and emotional discourse”. The relationship between state and religion has influenced the mode of war between political and religious. The emotional discourses in the narrative of religious rebellion of novels can be used as a reference for official viewpoints and explore different aspects of emotional discourse. And how to show the author’s historical consciousness? From the above issues, we can see that the narratives in novels of same/ different authors, and different periods in the Qing Dynasty have not only common ideology and values, but also diversified narrative features and meanings. Therefore, studying the writing of novels in Qing Dynasty is important for re-understanding the history of novels in Qing Dynasty.