集團成員如何轉虧為盈?--集團總部關注與資源調配之探討

從集團總部的角度，由於資源的限制，必須掌握整個企業集團的發展方向，並審慎評估將資源投入到哪些事業，進而創造集團成員的綜效和集團的最大利益，因此集團總部會關注集團成員的表現。以資源基礎觀點來看，企業集團所擁有的有形資源及無形資源遠比集團成員豐沛，而有形資源包括財務資源和實體資源，無形資源則包括技術、品牌、聲譽及人力資源等。當集團成員經營績效不佳且虧損時，若企業集團能適度進行資源調配來協助，將有助集團成員轉虧為盈。面對集團不同成員的發展潛力及經營瓶頸，集團總部如何運用集團資源，在集團策略的指導下進行適當協助，讓績效表現佳的成員能夠表現更好，讓績效表現不佳的成員能夠變得更好，集團成員同心協力，以提升集團整體競爭優勢，是非常重要的實務議題和研究課題。集團總部關注(attention)係指企業集團注意到集團成員並投入時間和精力，因此對集團成員的關注是集團總部的一項關鍵決策。然而，不同集團成員所擁有的資源並不相同，而集團總部的關注也不同(如挹注資源的多寡)，這些可能會導致集團成員的績效差異。藉由集團總部關注，若集團成員連續虧損多年，集團總部也會評估集團成員經理人能力是否不足或是確實無法改變現況，為了確保能改善績效，企業集團經常會採取更換集團成員經理人作為推動轉虧為盈策略的手段。本研究採用個案研究法，以國內知名企業集團之集團成員為研究對象，針對該企業集團的不同產業及規模的四家集團成員個案，分別針對每個個案轉虧為盈的過程進行深度研究，對於個案的背景、績效不佳原因、重要經營改善事件、利害相關人和集團資源調配的策略探討其因果關係。個案研究發現，集團總部與集團成員之間透過以下七種活動產生互動:策略指導和支持、資源和服務投入、集團領導人網絡投入、集團成員經理人網絡投入、人才資料庫建立與調配、關係企業協調與綜效建立及外部合作夥伴網絡支持。當集團成員在經營上發生問題時，集團總部可以用上述檢視可著力之處。根據分析結果，本研究提出集團總部關注及調配資源以協助集團成員轉虧為盈的完整架構，輔以所整理出之研究發現，有助於企業集團在面對集團成員持續虧損時，透過關注及調配資源來轉虧為盈。

關鍵字

轉虧為盈；集團總部關注；資源調配；企業集團；集團成員

並列摘要

For a business group headquarters, due to limited resources, it is necessary to carry out strategic development to grasp the development direction of the group, and carefully evaluate which businesses to invest, to create the synergy among group members and enhance the performance of the group. Therefore, a group headquarters will pay attention to the performance of its group members. From the perspective of resource-based view, tangible resources (e.g., financial resources and physical resources) and intangible resources (e.g., technology, brand, reputation, and human resources) of the group are far more abundant than those group members. When group members experience poor performance and incur losses, if the group headquarters can properly allocate resources to assist, it will help the group members to turnaround. Facing the development potential and operational bottlenecks of different group members, how can the group headquarters use its resources to provide appropriate assistance under the guidance of the group's strategy, so that the group members can turnaround, leading to better performance of the group? This issue is a worthy research topic and with significant implications to practices. The attention of a group headquarters means that the group headquarters pays attention to its group members and invests time and energy. Therefore, the attention paying to group members is a key decision of a group headquarters. Due to the differences in firm resources of its various group members, the attention by the group headquarters are different. If a group member has been losing money for many years, the group headquarters will evaluate whether the managers of the group member are incompetent or the current situation is indeed unchangeable. In order to ensure improving performance, the group headquarters often replaces the top management to develop turnaround strategies. This study adopts a case study method and examines four money loosing group members of a well-known business group in Taiwan as the research subjects, with different size and industry-setting. For each case, the background, the reasons for poor performance, measures and strategies taken to improve performances, and the activities of the business headquarters are examined and the causal relationships are developed. . The study finds that the group headquarters and group members interacted with each other through the following seven activities: strategic guidance and support, resources and services input, group leader’s network input, group members managers’ network input, talent pool establishment and deployment, group members coordination and synergy establishment, and external partner network support. When group members encounter problems in operations, group headquarters can rely on which of these activities to they can focus on. Based on the research findings, this study proposes a comprehensive framework for group headquarters to pay attention and allocate resources to group members in order to help them turnaround. In addition, this study offers practical implications to business headquarters as well as managers of group members to turn businesses around.