綠色供應鏈之危害物質風險管理-以台灣電子產業為例

Risk Management of Hazardous Substance for Green Supply Chain: Example of Taiwanese Electronics Industry

許家偉(Chia-Wei Hsu)

指導教授 ： 胡憲倫

國立臺北科技大學/工程學院/工程科技研究所/博士(2009年)

摘要

自從歐盟制定WEEE、RoHS與EuP法令以來，電機電子產業遭受龐大的壓力與衝擊，從Sony PS2含有過量鎘事件即可看出端倪，當時共有超過1300萬台的遊戲機被荷蘭海關所扣押，損失超過13億美元，更重新查核遍佈於全球的6,000家工廠，及建構新的供應商管理模式-Sony’s Green Partner。此事件顯示出，供應商生產的零組件所含的危害物質是主要核心問題，此亦說明供應商管理對於整體供應鏈推動綠色管理的重要性，而零組件是否符合法規要求更是另一關鍵所在。由此可知，當新興法令仍處於制定初期，管理措施尚未明確之際，企業本身在缺乏一致性作法之際，導致供應商整體管理模式潛藏著龐大風險。

本研究主要目的可區分為三大核心目標，分別為綠色供應鏈管理作法之調查、供應商危害物質管理之風險分級及綠色零組件風險評估。第一個目標，本研究針對綠色供應鏈管理實務調查，透過文獻回顧、專家訪談及輔導經驗，建構出25個因應歐盟三大法令之作法，並透過問卷郵寄給電子產業的採購、品質或環保主管，利用因素分析方法篩選出20個作法，以及4大構面：「供應商管理」、「產品回收」、「組織參與」及「生命週期管理」，建立我國電子產業執行綠色供應鏈管理之一致性做法，提供產業於因應歐盟法令過程的參可基石；其二為供應商危害物質管理之風險分級，依據文獻回顧與專家意見研擬涵蓋5個構面的19個準則，利用分析網路程序法(Analytic Network Process, ANP)建構供應商危害物質管理的風險分級，最後以國內一家電子公司為個案研究，來展示本研究所提出之方法，如何可以讓企業在符合有害物質環保法令要求下，選出低風險的最佳供應商；第三個目標則為綠色零組件風險評估，結合失效模式與效應分析(Failure Mode and Effects Analysis, FMEA)與模糊分析層級程序法(Fuzzy Analytic Hierarchy Process, FAHP)建構風險評估架構，在FMEA基礎上研擬4個風險評估準則，分別為物料檢測報告、檢測之難易度、供應商承諾書與專案引用次數，經由個案公司之實證分析可知，該架構可以鑑別出高風險零組件達46.2%，協助進料人員更有效率查驗具高風險零組件。

本研究結果不僅透過實證分析建立電子產業因應歐盟三大法令之綠色供應鏈管理實務作法，更建構以供應商與零組件為基礎之風險評估模式，協助企業採取適當因應做法及風險管控機制，降低整體綠色供應鏈之風險。企業透過綠色供應鏈管理作法之調查結果，可檢核本身執行策略之差異，適時調整管理措施。此外，風險評估架構更可協助企業了解綠色零組件之風險程度，更可依此選擇較低風險之供應商，作為風險管控與削減之管理模式。

關鍵字

風險管理 ； 供應商 ； 綠色零組件 ； 危害物質 ； 綠色供應鏈

並列摘要

Given growing environmental concerns during the past decade, a consensus is emerging that environmental pollution issues accompanying industrial development should be addressed together with supply chain management, thus contributing to green supply chain management (GSCM). Large electronics firms have, apparently, embraced GSCM to achieve better environmental performance since the directives of WEEE, RoHS, and EuP have been drawn up by European Union (EU).

Current management approaches of GSCM practice cannot be ensured whether risk is mitigated and controlled while the uncertainty in environmental regulations and emerging issue has resulted in difficulties for implementing GSCM practice. The last few years have seen the unprecedented growth in strategies and approaches were adopted and implemented for responding the environmental regulations. However, the expectation that these strategies would solve the problems has not been realized, mainly because of the scanty of consistency approaches and practice related to supplier management without the risk control perspective.

First of all, this research conducted an investigation of approaches for implementing GSCM practice in the Taiwanese electrical and electronics industries relative to EU directives. Using the data collected, the identified critical factors were performed via factor analysis to establish reliability and validity. The results show that 20 critical factors were extracted into four dimensions, which denominated supplier management, product recycling, organization involvement and life cycle management. Those critical factors of implementing GSCM practices validated in this work can help enterprises identify those areas of GSCM where acceptance and improvements will be made, and in prioritizing GSCM efforts. Also, insight from the consistency approaches can be translated into their supplier as to mitigating risk associated with the environmental regulations of EU.

The another objective of this work is to establish a two-dimension risk evaluation framework which focuses on both supplier and component for identifying high risk source timely as risk mitigation For supplier risk rating, the study presents an analytic network process (ANP) approach to incorporate the issue of hazardous substance management (HSM) into supplier selection. In this study, identification of criteria of HSM competence is categorized into four dimensions, a multi-criteria decision model is proposed. ANP then is applied to supplier selection and is characterized by interdependencies among decision structure components. An illustrative example in an electronics company is presented to demonstrate how to select a most appropriate suppler in accordance with the requirements of hazardous substance for environmental regulations.

With respect to the risk evaluation of component, the failure modes and effects analysis (FMEA) was utilized to analyze the risks of green components in compliance with the EU RoHS directive in the incoming quality control (IQC) stage. There are three indices of FMEA in this work: the occurrence (O) that can be learned from the testing report; the likelihood of being detected (D) that refers to the difficulty of detection; and severity (S) that can be quantified from the declaration statement and the frequency of green component used by project. The fuzzy analytic hierarchy process (FAHP) was applied to determine the relative weightings of four factors, then a green component risk priority number (GC-RPN) can be calculated for each one of the components, which are provided by the suppliers to identify and manage the risks that may be derived from them. Numerical results indicated that through the use of the proposed approach, the detected rate of the high risk green components can at least be improved to 20% while the GC-RPN is above 7, and the highest risk green components can be increased by 46.2% within the GC-RPN between 9 and 10.

In summary, this research contributes to the practical implementation of GSCM and to the risk management concept in green supply chain. It systematically investigated the approaches in the GSCM field and identified critical approaches as the consistency framework for complying with the requirements of environmental regulations. A new implication of GSCM was developed that recognized four main dimensions of GSCM, which can be an insight for company and its supplier to embrace and adopt. Moreover, a framework for risk evaluation in green supply chain was devised, which focused mainly on the supplier-based and component-based. The research also can determine high risk suppliers and components for company to carry out appropriate strategies for risk mitigation.

並列關鍵字

risk management ； supplier ； green component ； hazardous substance ； green supply chain

參考文獻

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