- 學位論文
後發優勢與趕超的競爭態勢演化 ─ 從日、韓經驗看兩岸汽車產業自主研發的發展機會
The evolution of the advantage of backwardness and the catch-up competition. ─ Perceive the independent R&D advancing opportunity of the cross-trait motor industries from Japanese and Korean experience.
摘要
世界經濟的發展史，就如同一部後進國家追趕先進國家的發展史。從17世紀中國的大明朝，18世紀的大英帝國，19世紀的德國，20世紀的美國、到日本、新加坡等亞洲四小龍，後進國家趕超先進國家的案例在歷史與現實中比比皆是。在經濟、科技等方面都處於劣勢的後進國家，為什麼有的能在不長的時間裡趕上先進國家，例如日本與南韓的汽車工業能以後進國家之劣勢，透過其政府與人民的努力，以後發優勢之態勢進行對歐、美先進國家成功的達成了趕超；而卻為什麼有的不能，並且差距還持續不斷的在擴大呢？究竟日、韓兩國的成功關鍵的稟賦要素是什麼？他們運用何種方法發展出其國際競爭的優勢？而其競爭態勢又是如何演進？兩岸汽車產業在21世紀，中國汽車市場的微觀視角中，參考日、韓汽車產業相同的成功關鍵要素是否存在？是否可以仿傚？是引發本研究主要探究的動機與目的。 經研究發現在日韓汽車產業成功發展的歷程中，政府佔有極關鍵的角色，而其成功發展的最重要關鍵之一，是政府全力扶植其國家汽車零組件廠商的健全發展。並採取了適切的產業政策，制定了有效的產業發展策略，投入大量的研發經費及培育產業所需之人力資源，且都將汽車產業列為國家重要支柱型的產業，亦同時營造出全國上下對產業高度的關切及齊心協力追趕的狂熱。更具體的可歸結出下列五個產業政策與策略面向；產業的發展方向、國際市場定位、產業規模經濟、產業內部競爭、產品結構調整等。 研究同時發現，現今的中國汽車市場中，確實存在比日、韓當年發展汽車工業時，有更佳的後發優勢條件與環境；諸如，生產要素的比較優勢、產業聚落的群聚效應、高成長的產業規模經濟、技術的外溢與擴散速度、更激烈的產業內部競爭與升級壓力，再再的提供了千載難逢的學習環境與發展的機遇。 另外，重要的發現是；真正讓中國自主性汽車發展，近年來有重大的突破與大幅度的技術跨越，竟是源自20年前台灣的“飛羚經驗”，這真是讓筆者著實的感到驚訝。筆者認為現今在中國政府強力的汽車產業扶植與政策指示下，若能整合台商企業靈活創新研發平台的技術協作，在兩岸汽車產業之；中國市場與資源的互補及台灣技術與能力的協作下，即能跨越技術發展常規的限制，實現後發優勢與趕超的成就，則將更有機會成功發展出自主性品牌汽車的“汽車強國夢”。 最後筆者針對兩岸政府的汽車產業政策及兩岸整車及零組件廠，研發技術及測試中心和相關支援性產業等企業的策略發展，提出了若干專業建議與期許以作為參考。
並列摘要
The history of economic development reflects the history that the advanced of backwardness countries emulate the advanced ones. Through the history and modern society, for example, Ming Dynasty in 17th century, British Empire in 18th century, Germany in 19th century, and American, Japan, and East Asian Tigers (Taiwan, South Korea, Hong Kong, and Singapore) in 20th century, we can find a lot of examples of the emulation of advanced of backwardness countries. We may wonder why some of these advanced of backwardness countries which are inferior to advanced countries in economy, science, and technology are able to catch up advanced ones in a short time. For example, in Japan and Korea which are advanced of backwardness than America and European Countries, through the government and the people’s effort, their automobile industry succeeds in emulating the automobile industry in these advanced countries. However, other advanced of backwardness countries are not able to do it. On the contrary, the gap is getting larger and larger. What are the key elements of success of Japan and Korea ? What kind of strategies do they use in order to develop their advantages in the international market ? How does the evolution of the competition progress? And through a micro view of China automobile market, do these key elements exist in cross-Strait automobile industry ? If no, can the cross-Strait automobile imitate the strategies of Japan and Korea ? These questions motivate the researcher and are the purposes of this research . Through the research, it is found that in the progress of Japanese and Korean success in automobile industries, the government plays a crucial role and is one of the key elements of success. The government devotes itself to support the national factories which deal with automobile components fabrication. In addition, the government adopts appropriate policies, invests much money and human resources, and regards the automobile industry as fundamental industry. Meanwhile, the government also arouses people’s interest and enthusiasm toward the national industry. In sum, there are five main policies toward the industry: the direction of industrial development, the fixed position in the international market, the economies of scale, the internal competition, and the adjustment of the product mix. It is also founded that in China automobile market, there are more advantages and superior environments than those in Japan and Korea, for example, the comparative advantages of essential factors of production, the Clustering Effect of Industrial Cluster, skill spillovers and the speed of spread, and the intense internal competition and the pressure of promotion. These advantages provide many chances and environments to develop the automobile industry. Besides, the researcher discovers that the major factor in helping the industry progress rapidly is the “Fei-ling Experience” from Taiwan 20 years ago. The researcher considers that under China’s powerful and supportive policies, if the government can integrate Taiwanese innovative and flexible skills cooperation, the automobile industry can break the limit of skill development and achieve the emulation successfully. Then, it is possible for the cross-Strait automobile industry to develop its own market . In conclusion, based on the policies between cross-Strait governments, the assembling and spare parts factories between cross-Strait, the development and research of skill, testing centers, and the development of other related industries, the researcher provides some suggestions for references.