明代翰林院官出任內書堂教習新論

內書堂是明代的司禮監專門培養初選入內府的小內使，提供讀書教學的書塾場所。有明一代，內書堂並沒有正式的衙署稱謂，內館、內書館、司禮監書堂等書寫用法。待年幼的內府官人未來學業有成，肄業後會授予內府文書職事。而內使們的教習業師的人選，並非內府的太監。自永樂、洪熙的模式形成，宣德的嘗試，至正統初書堂定制。其教習的選派皆是從侍於皇帝身邊朝廷的近侍文官而來，並且是有一個制度形成的過程。最終，教習逐漸集中於翰林院的史官－修撰、編修和檢討，其中又以編修為主。自內書堂建置以後，從翰林院史官到內閣閣臣，作為內書堂教習的翰林官，該批人為國朝最菁英的政治群體和人才儲備庫。其輩既是內廷皇帝的近侍、秘書；也是皇帝經筵或太子出閣的帝師；同時也是翰林庶吉士的教習；科舉會試、鄉試的主考、同考官；與國子監掌事的祭酒、司業。本研究所謂新論，乃基於過去學人前輩們對宦官與內書堂共同累積的研究成果，從四個層面重新詮釋：一是制度形成背景與過程。藉由以早期（洪武至天順）政治與制度的建置與轉型，並配合整個宣德以後宮禁中所設置的秘書機制（即中書房中書舍人與內閣）的衙署、職銜、遷銜的形成、分流，此兩大政治的發展背景，重新審視翰林官出任內書堂教習的意義。二是翰林出任內書堂教習的作用與影響。探索肄業內書堂的內使內府仕途之可能性，再用翰林官出任內書堂教習後，耙梳內使與翰林之間所存在人脈網絡及政治互助的相關事例，嘗試以制度層面還原其法源的本貌。三是調整過往針對宦官預政與讀書的研究認知，皇帝與士大夫面對宦官問題上的認知差異與態度、方法的轉變。內書堂作為外廷士大夫與內府建立師生情誼的聯繫平臺，探討前輩學者所謂化宦運動是否存在。四是關於相關議題細節的考證與論證。本研究欲站在前輩的肩膀上，嘗試舊題新做，針對內書堂與翰林教習之間相關的議題，論證更為具體的結論。

關鍵字

內書堂；教習；翰林院；編修；司禮監；內書館；內館；詹事府；內書堂教習；史官；中書舍人；中書房；文書房；內府；宦官；宦權；經筵；講官；內府教書；尚書；侍郎；同考官；庶吉士；科舉；進士；教習庶吉士；文華殿；內閣書辦；文華殿書辦；內閣辦事；東宮；檢討；內使；文華殿；劉若愚；修撰

並列摘要

Neishutang (inner Secdang book hall) in Ming Dynasty was subordinate to Silijian, a remarkable institution for training young eunuchs. They had just been selected into Neifu and provided them with a place to study.Throughout the Ming Dynasty, neishutang did not formally name the administrative unit, and the related nouns such as Neiguan, Neishuguan and Silijian Shutang were used in ancient Chinese. When the young eunuchs succeed in their studies in the future, they will be granted the clerical work of other units in Neifu. However, the teachers of the little eunuchs were not Taijians (Eunuch with official rank) of the Neifu. During the reign of Emperor Yongle and Emperor Hongxi, the eunuch education model began to take shape. At this time, the eunuch teachers were selected from the civil Secretary officials around the emperor. In the period of emperor Xuande, the selection of eunuch teachers tried to change. Finally, the system of neishutang was established in the early period of emperor Zhengtong. Eunuch teachers were gradually selected by the historiographers of Hanlinyuan (the Imperial Academy). Hanlin officials were the most elite political group and talent pool of the state Dynasty. They are not only the Secretary of the emperor, but also the teacher of the emperor or the prince, the teacher of Shujishi, the examiners of the imperial examination, and the administrator of the Guozijian (the Imperial College). This research is called the new discussion, which is based on the research results accumulated by the predecessors of scholars on eunuch and neishutang, which can be reinterpreted from four aspects : The first is the background and process of the formation of the system, through the observation of two backgrounds, the establishment and transformation of politics and system in the early period (from emperor Hongwu to Emperor Tianshun), and the formation and division of the promotion mechanism of secretaries set up in the Forbidden City after the emperor Xuande's reign. With these two breakthrough points, we can reexamine the significance of the offical historiographer as teachers of Neishutang. The second is the political influence of Hanlin as the teacher of neishutang. To explore the path of the promotion and development of the official career of the little eunuch who once read books in Neishutang, Then, the author tries to restore the essence of their authority from the perspective of the system by collecting the relevant examples of the relationship network and political mutual assistance between the small eunuchs in the neishutang and the teachers of the Hanlin. The third is to revise some viewpoints and re discuss the previous scholars' research that emperor Hongwu prohibited eunuchs from reading and from interfering in government affairs. The author wants to understand the differences between the emperor and the scholar bureaucrats on the admonition of ancestors, and the change of attitude and way of getting along with eunuchs. As a platform to establish the friendship between teachers and students between the imperial court and the inner government, this paper wants to discuss whether the scholar-bureaucrats after the middle of the Ming Dynasty were discussed by previous scholars. They began to think about the trend of actively educating eunuchs to change the emperor, and then reconsidered the status of eunuchs. The fourth is the textual research and argumentation on the details of relevant issues. This study wants to stand on the shoulders of giants, try to explore the old topic. In view of the related issues between Neishutang and Hanlin teachers, the paper demonstrates more specific conclusions.