草根創新：中國大陸的山寨手機

Grassroots Innovation: Chinese “Shan Zhai” Mobile Phones

林士揚(Lin, Alex)

指導教授 ： 李傳楷

國立清華大學/科技管理學院/經營管理碩士在職專班/碩士(2010年)

摘要

2008年，「山寨」一詞以迅雷不及掩耳之勢席捲了全世界，而其中的翹楚「山寨手機」近幾年能迅速的由中國市場的崛起，「一代拳王」聯發科居功厥偉。然而，山寨手機的成功，只因為有聯發科嗎?
因此，本論文冀望能基於「破壞性創新」理論，試圖探訪山寨手機產業價值鏈的發展、演進歷程，與中國政府在其中所扮演的角色，透過理論的分析與由下而上所收集到的資料結果，探究出山寨手機能如此大鳴大放的堂奧，以及造就山寨手機創新力量的來源。
在研究的過程中，本論文發現到聯發科的基頻晶片或許讓手機製造的門檻大幅降低，但我們絕對不能忽略了群聚於東莞、深圳等，由中國這個世界工廠，所培養出來的龐大、完整的「產業鏈」。這群螞蟻雄兵們，在歷經了中國改革開放以來的長期淬煉後，得以由集成商所主導之下的「虛擬工廠」，快速、廉價的以機海戰術，蠶食鯨吞中國品牌手機廠的市佔率。而在政府政策方面，中國因急於創造出第二個聯想、華為，甚至為了發展自有通訊標準的決心之下，對於山寨手機在政策上的模糊曖昧與無心插柳，反而造出就了山寨手機廠商勇於「跟風」、嘗試創新的環境。還有更重要的，由中國人口佔最多數的農民工們，所帶動的龐大內需市場，以及因這些「草根」的需求，所導引出的「創新」力量。
最後，本文得到了如下的結論與貢獻：
山寨手機使兩岸業者都互蒙其利，也互蒙其害，短期內山寨手機廠雖然面臨著過度競爭、轉型不易、各國抵制等問題。然而，這不只考驗著山寨手機業者，也考驗著山寨機上中下游等相關台廠的智慧。台灣政府更應該重視山寨文化對兩岸經濟的衝擊，成立中國官方對口部門，與之協調、談判。畢竟，山寨手機的外在環境及各種主觀條件不斷的在變化，無論是台資零組件或是代工廠，都絕不能自滿於現狀，應要有不斷提升自我競爭力的認知與行動，不斷加強自身的技術、速度、團隊、行銷、策略、品牌。因為，至今仍沒有人能把握的說出山寨手機終究會被市場淘汰，還是會真正成為明日主流。

關鍵字

破壞性創新 ； 產業鏈 ； 山寨手機 ； 草根創新 ； 個案研究

並列摘要

In 2008, “Shan Zhai” went mainstream, particularly “Shan Zhai” mobile phones” which have flooded China during past few years. In this process, MediaTek, the so-called king of boxing in Taiwan’s semiconductor industry, played a key role. However, can the success of “Shan Zhai” mobile phones be attributed to MediaTek only?
This research expects to base on “disruptive innovation” theory to explore the development and evolution of “Shan Zhai” mobile phones value chains and the role that the Chinese government played. Through linking data to theories, this research aims to decipher the secrets of how “Shan Zhai” mobile phones achieved success and where the sources of disruptive innovation in “Shan Zhai” mobile phones came from.
In this research, I found behind Mediatek's success is the development of a cheap and easy-to-develop SOC (system on chip) that integrates the software for all complex functions a mobile phone needs on a single chip. With its innovative chipset, Mediatek has lowered the barrier for producing mobile phones to a minimal level. Besides this, we also cannot neglect the fact of China’s being the world’s biggest factory agglomerated particularly at Shenzhen. The “ant army” nurtured through the whole process of supply chain formation, has been growing since the Chinese economic reform and has formed a “virtual factory” led by semiconductor firms. By using speed and cost as its main strategic advantages, this factory nibbled away like a silkworm or swallowed like a whale the market share of the Chinese mobile phone market.
To the surprise of the Chinese government, the policy that was designed to create the 2nd Lenovo, Huei-Wei, or the strong intervention that was geared towards the development of China’s own telecom standard, have resulted in the rise of “Shan Zhai” mobile phones. The success of “Shan Zhai” mobile phones was an accident. As a follower, the vendors of “Shan Zhai” mobile phones were brave to try something new and create an innovative environment. Moreover, low-end customers in the countryside which consisted of the majority of China’s population, generated a lot of demand for China’s domestic market and became the major source of “grass-roots” innovation.
In the end, the research came out the conclusion and contribution as the following:
“Shan Zhai” mobile phones bring not only advantages but also disadvantages to suppliers across the Taiwan Strait.
We can see many issues that vendors of “Shan Zhai” mobile phones are facing in the short term such as over-competition, difficult to reform, being resisted by many countries. These issues concern not only vendors of “Shan Zhai” mobile phones but also Taiwanese suppliers which locate at middle- and down- stream of the whole supply chain. Taiwan’s government should pay more attention to the economic influence of “Shan Zhai” culture across the Strait, and to compromise and negotiate with the Chinese government by establishing bilateral institutions. After all, given that the conditions of “Shan Zhai” mobile phones keeps involving and outside environment is constantly changing, Taiwanese firms can never satisfy with the currently situation, no matter system firms like EMS or supplier firms like equipments and components. They must have the attitude to increase their competitive capabilities through continuously improving technologies, speed, human resource, strategies, marketing and branding. Nobody can foresee “Shan Zhai” mobile phone will be phase-out or remain mainstream in the market so far.

並列關鍵字

disruptive innovation ； supply chain ； “Shan Zhai” mobile phone, ； grass-roots innovation

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