- 學位論文
辣木精油成分之研究與抗菌測試
Studies on the Essential Oil Constituents from the leaves of Moringa oleifera Lam. and Antimicrobial Activity
摘要
辣木(Moringa oleifera Lam.)屬於辣木科（Moringaceae）植物，原產於印度，具有易播種和栽培特性的熱帶區植物。在非洲、中東、東南亞及南美洲等地廣為栽培，台灣、中國現今也廣泛地種植；植物的許多部份如葉子、花朵、果實、樹皮等已使用在中草藥；為了科學化的證實辣木具療效的特性，選擇以辣木精油作為研究的對象。 在將新採摘的辣木葉，經清洗、風乾等步驟後，進行水蒸氣蒸餾，再經溶劑萃取，鹼處理、水洗與濃縮等步驟，得其淡褐色之中性精油。 中性精油經液相色層分析粗分，分成碳氫化合物和含氧化合物兩大部分，並使用氣相層析-火焰離子偵測器（GC-FID）、 氣相層析-質譜儀（GC-MSD）、傅立葉轉換紅外光譜儀（FTIR）、核磁共振光譜儀(NMR)鑑定其化學成份，其中於碳氫化合物中分離了pentacosane,鑑定了tridecane、α-ionene、tetradecane、4,6-dimethyl-dodecane、pentadecane、isolongifolene、[6E,10E]-7,11,15-trimethyl-methylene-1,6,10,14-hexadeca-tetraene、docosane、1-docosene、tetracosane、hexacosane 。含氧化合物中分離了hexahydrofarnesylactone、(E)-phytol、 dihydro-actiridioide 、farnesylacetone、 2,5,8-Trimethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-naphthol，同定了β-ionone、indole，鑑定了benzaldehyde、benzeneacetaldehyde、linaloloxide、α-ionone、β-damascenone、2,3-epoxycarane、 2,6,6-trimethyl-2-cyclohexane-1,4-dione、 3,3,5,6-tetramethyl-1-indanone、2-tert-butyl-1,4-dimethoxybenzene 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohexa-1,3-dienecarbaldehyde、geranylacetone 、 (2E)-3-(2,6,6-Trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl)-2-propenal、p-menth-1-en-8-ol 。 除此之外，還將全精油、含氧部及其他部位的萃取物，進行皮癬病的黴菌測試，菌種有Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Epidermophyton floccosum, and Microsporum canis，發現到含氧部具有較佳的抗黴菌效果，72小時後的最小抑制濃度（MICs）可達0.2～1.6mg/mL DMSO，其他如全精油、種子萃取物EA層等，抑制效果亦不錯，但是在葉部的萃取物等，則完全沒有抑制效果。另外，再將含氧部作細菌的抑菌測試，菌種有Escherichia coli 、Pseudomonas auruginosa，其中P. auruginosa 18小時後的最小抑制濃度為4 mg/mL DMSO。
並列摘要
Moringa oleifera Lam., a member of Moringaceae family originally found in India, is a tropical plant with easy seeding and growing characteristics. It is popularly grown in Africa, the Middle East, southeastern Asia, and southern America, and is now widely grown in Taiwan and China. The leaves, flower, fruit, and bark of M. oleifera have traditionally been used as herbal medicines. To scientifically verify the therapeutic properties of M. oleifera, we chose to investigate the essential oils from its leaves. The leaves were freshly harvested form M. oleifera trees. After cleaning and immediately air-dried, the leaves were steam-distilled for essential oils. The essential oils in the distillate were then solvent extracted before treatment with base to remove acidic compounds. The slightly brown neutral essential oil mixture was separated and purified by column chromatography. The oil mixture was chromatographically separated into hydrogenated and oxygenated fractions that were analyzed for the chemical components by gas chromatography (GC) equipped with a flame ionization detector (FID) and mass spectrometer detector (MSD), Fourier Transform infrared spectrometer (FTIR), and nuclear magnetic resonance spectrometer (NMR). In the hydrogenated fraction, pentacosane, tridecane, α-ionene, tetradecane, 4,6-dimethyl-dodecane, pentadecane, isolongifolene, docosane, 1-docosene, tetracosane, hexacosane, and [6E,10E]-7,11,15-trimethyl-methylene-1,6,10,14-hexadeca-tetraene were identified. In the oxygenated fraction, hexahydrofarnesylactone, dihydro-actiridioide, (E)-phytol, farnesylacetone, α-ionone, β-ionone, indole, 2,5,8-Trimethyl-1,2,3,4-tetrahydro-1-naphthol, benzaldehyde, β-damascenone, benzeneacetaldehyde, linaloloxide, 2,6,6-trimethyl-2-cyclohexane-1,4-dione, p-menth-1-en-8-ol, 2,3-epoxycarane, 3,3,5,6-tetramethyl-1-indanone, geranylacetone, (2E)-3-(2,6,6-Trimethyl-1-cyclohexen-1-yl)-2-propenal, 2,6,6-trimethylcyclohexa-1,3-dienecarbaldehyde, and 2-tert-butyl-1,4-dimethoxybenzene were identified. The in vitro anti-fungal activities of the essential oil, the oxygenated fraction, and extracts from other parts of the plant were tested against dermatophytes such as Trichophyton rubrum, Trichophyton mentagrophytes, Epidermophyton floccosum, and Microsporum canis. The oxygenated fraction of the essential oil was found to have better anti-fungal effect, with the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICS) on different fungi showed 0.2 to 1.6 mg/mL DMSO. The crude essential oil and the ethyl acetate fraction of the seed extraction showed appreciable inhibitory effect, albeit not as good as that of the oxygenated fraction. The in-vitro anti-bacterial activity of the oxygenated fraction of the essential oil against Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas auruginosa was also studied. MICs of 4 mg/mL DMSO after 18 hours showed inhibitory effect for P. auruginosa but not E. coli.