臺北市南機場整建住宅規劃歷程與住宅平面型態之研究

A study of the Planning Process and Housing Plan Types in Nan Chi Chang Resettled Tenement Communities of Taipei

呂理維(Lii-Wei Lu)

指導教授 ： 曾光宗

中原大學/設計學院/建築研究所/碩士(2011年)

https://doi.org/10.6840/cycu201100964

摘要

摘要
　　臺北市整建住宅解決大部分自1940年代末期開始大量出現的違章建築，在國民住宅史及建築計畫上屬於臺灣戰後重要的住宅建築。卻因為日後種種變遷因素而貶低，甚至今日再次淪為都市更新對象，面臨拆除後重建又被拆除的輪迴。然而違章建築的問題，不因更新建築或更現代化而削減。故應透過當時興建整建住宅其生成原因及歷史，瞭解起因及政治、經濟、社會背景下，對居民居住以及建築型態之影響。
　　在近年相關研究與案例指出，被稱為「推土機式」的都市更新並不是唯一的解決方案，貧民與違章建築問題不會因為建築更新或現代化而有所改變，亦無法解決這種必然重複發生的現象。加上若僅以時下角度和現代建築精神去批判當時的有限，未免有失公允。因此在了解政治、社會、經濟等時空背景下對於當時興建南機場整建住宅之影響因子，以及對於後來住宅建設的影響，探尋南機場整建住宅曾經的發展歷程以及在國宅平面發展的重要貢獻。
本研究之研究方法主要以相關文獻的收集、分析及歸納為主。一方面採用文獻調查法彙整臺灣及臺北市國民住宅相關文獻，針對政策、法令及相關制度面，探討政府住宅形成機制與影響因子。另方面透過文獻回顧，搜集戰後初期臺北市政府興建國宅之官方圖資，並分析比較其演變與差異性。建立整建住宅對國民住宅歷程、建築計劃及臺灣住宅歷史上之定位。
　　從各個角度來看，整建住宅是臺北市特殊背景產生的現象，也非常重要的轉換時期：
一、 整建住宅是臺北市政府首次以較大規模興建之住宅，對於違建拆遷戶居民之現代化歷程有所助益。為政府日後興建住宅起了示範作用，有依據可尋，能快速步入軌道。
二、 在建築類型上，受到前期興建類型的啟迪，衍生多樣的建築類型。開始具有社區意識以及公共設施的產生，就滿足經濟與社會福利最低限度方面頗為實際亦為較佳的方式。
三、 在單元平面上，外部空間將公共走廊與天井結合做出多種通風、採光和動線變化，並延續前期天井、垃圾排除口等特色。多數室內空間以通舖型式，依需求自行規劃使用，在機能分區以及標準化平面的潮流下，為一種新的生活型態之試驗。
　　總結從研究中可以發現整建住宅作為承先啟後之影響，從臨街面到大街廓的整體開發、出現現代化與機能分區概念以及量化轉型到質化的過程等。由於南機場一、二、三期整建住宅興建較早，做為時代下目的性極強的社會福利住宅，規劃設計內容具有實驗性質，其設計與構想有其獨特之處，具有重要貢獻，在都更重建思潮中應以延續再利用的方式獲得保存。

關鍵字

臺北市 ； 南機場 ； 整建住宅 ； 平面 ； 都市更新

並列摘要

Abstract

The issues of the illegal buildings appeared in late 1940s were resolved by the resettled tenement communities in Taipei, which are belong to the residential buildings in the history of the public housings and the plan of the buildings after the Second World War in Taiwan. Afterwards, they degraded because of the various factors and even they reduced to be the objects to be urban renewal, face to demolish and reduce again and again. However, the issue of the illegal buildings is not decreased by the urban renewal and the modernization. Therefore we should understand the occasions and the background of the politics, economics and society via the caused reasons and the history of the resettled tenement communities were built at that time.
In recent years, the research and case study indicated that the so called “Bulldozer Style” of the urban renewal is not the only solution for the issue, which the poverty and illegal buildings won’t be changed and the repeated situations can’t be resolved by the urban renewal and the modernization. Furthermore, if we just judge the limit at that time according to the presented view and the spirits of the modern architecture, it is rather unfair. Thus after understanding the background of the politics, society and economics and the effective factors of the resettled tenement communities were built in Nan-Chi-Chang and the influence for the residential buildings in the future, we could find the past process of the resettled tenement communities at Nan-Chi-Chang and the outstanding contribution for the flat development of the public housings.
The research methods of the thesis is targeted to collect, analyze and summarize the related archives. On the one hand, it is to adapt the literature survey method to synthesize the related archives of the public housings in Taiwan and Taipei and aim at the policies, laws and related systems to discuss the formed mechanism and the effective factors of the governmental residences. On the other hand, it is to collect the official books and documents that Taipei government built the public housings after the Second World War via reviewing the archives and to analyze and compare the evolution and the difference. It is to outline the position of the resettled tenement communities in the history of the process of the public housings, the plans of the buildings and the residences in Taiwan.
Through the study we could find the conclusion that the continuous influence by the resettled tenement communities. The entire development is from the façade to the blocks, the modernization and the concepts for the partition of the function and the process of the transformation is from quantification to quality. Since the construction for the resettled tenement communities of the phase one, two, and three in Nan-Chi-Chang is earlier, to be the residences of the social security that is strongly proposed in the time and the content of the design and the plan with the experimental, its design and creation with its own unique contribution, which should be conserved by the trend of the urban renewal in the way to be continued and reused.

並列關鍵字

Urban Renewal ； Resettled Tenement Communities ； Flat. ； Taipei City ； Nan-Chi-Chang

參考文獻

方定安，2008/12，《弱勢社區更新政策取向之研究－以臺北市整建住宅社區為例》，建築與規劃學報9:3：251。

米復國，1988，《臺灣的住宅政策：「國民住宅計畫」之社會學分析》，臺大土木研究所碩論。

林萬億，2003，《論我國的社會住宅政策與社會照顧的結合》，國家政策季刊2:4：53-82。

彭建文等，1995，《臺灣地區空屋調查分析》，都市與計劃22:2：201-216。

邢志航，2005，《公寓式集合住宅「最適居住空間規模」之研究》，成功大學建築學系博士論文。