航空噪音回饋金及防制費補償制度分析 -以桃園國際機場為例

桃園國際機場是臺灣最大的國際機場，位居亞太空運的重要位置，自西元1972年正式啟用後，成為東亞最具規模的國際機場之一，而桃園國際機場啟用之初，出入境航機僅3萬餘架，至西元2019年時已達到26萬餘架，顯示桃園國際機場旅客量成長相當迅速，對於機場周圍地區的住戶帶來的是更多的空氣與航空噪音污染問題，也因航空噪音影響無法獲得有效的改善，桃園國際機場每年也會提撥經費給與機場周圍地區住戶作為補償，桃園國際機場自2010年起公司化經營後，已委由桃園市政府辦理五梯次的補償作業，而2020年初，新冠肺炎疫情肆虐，對全球航空產業造成極大的影響，桃園國際機場2020年航機起降架次剩餘11萬架次，到了2021年則是僅有9萬6千架次，桃園國際機場營運受到極大的影響，而疫情期間第六梯次補償中防制區內住戶可獲得的補償是否會因疫情影響而有所變化，現有的補償制度在桃園國際機場營運有大幅度變動的情況下是否公平、合理是本研究將探討的重點。　　本研究以桃園機場飛航動態資料、補償金及不動產交易的變化等三個項目作為桃園國際機場、桃園市政府與航空噪音防制區內住戶等三方的角度探討其在新冠肺炎疫情影響期間較過去未受疫情影響期間的差異，藉以探討疫情期間的補償狀況的變化及其合理性。結果發現無論是跑道使用亦或是航空噪音等噪音線範圍皆較過去未受疫情影響期間大幅降低，顯示民眾受到航空噪音的影響亦大幅降低；本研究另以特徵價格法分析大園區的不動產交易結果顯示，在控制其他變因下，較高級別的航空噪音防制區內不動產交易價格較低，顯示航空噪音對大園區內不動產交易會產生負影響，而新冠肺炎疫情影響期間航空噪音對於不動產交易的減損程度不變，顯示民眾亦普遍認為疫情對噪音之影響僅為暫時；但相對的，疫情期間桃園國際機場提撥給桃園市政府辦理回饋金發放的額度僅有疫情前的64%，防制費也僅有疫情前的55%，但實際上航空噪音防制區內住戶在新冠肺炎疫情期間獲得的補償並沒有太大的落差，故整體而言，桃園機場航空噪音區的居民整體福利提升。本研究結果顯示新冠肺炎疫情影響期間，桃園國際機場受到巨大衝擊，而航空噪音防制區內住戶在疫情期間受到航空噪音的實質影響減少，但補助方面則未有顯著差異，福利呈現淨增加，但桃園國際機場及桃園市政府在疫情期間實際撥補給防制區內住戶的補償卻較疫情前還多，鑑此，本研究針對現行的補償制度提出改善建議。

關鍵字

航空噪音防制區；航空噪音回饋金；航空噪音防制費

並列摘要

Taoyuan International Airport is the largest international airport in Taiwan and is located at the hub of Asian space transportation. Since its official opening in 1972, it has become one of the largest international airports in East Asia. At the beginning of the opening of Taoyuan International Airport, there were only about 30,000 inbound and outbound flights, but by 2019, there will be more than 260,000 inbound and outbound flights, which shows that the passenger volume of Taoyuan International Airport is growing rapidly. The air and aviation noise pollution problem is more than ever, and due to the impact of aviation noise cannot be effectively improved, Taoyuan International Airport will allocate funds every year to compensate the households around the airport. Since the corporatization of Taoyuan International Airport in 2010, the Taoyuan City Government has been entrusted to handle compensation matters. early 2020, COVID-19 pandemic during the period of the epidemic, causing a great impact on the global aviation industry, Taoyuan International Airport have only 110,000 aircraft movements in 2020 and only 96,000 in 2021.The operation of Taoyuan International Airport has been greatly affected. Whether the compensation available to households in the noise control area during the epidemic will change due to the epidemic and whether the existing compensation system is fair and reasonable under the drastic changes in the operation of Taoyuan International Airport are the focus of this study。 In this study, three items, including flight dynamics, compensation, and changes in real estate transactions at Taoyuan International Airport, Taoyuan City Government, and households in the aviation noise control area, were used to analyze the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic during the period of the epidemic, and to examine the difference between the period of the epidemic and the period when the epidemic did not affect the airport. And to examine the changes in compensation status during the outbreak and their reasonableness It was found that both runway use and aviation noise were significantly reduced compared to the previous non-epidemic period, indicating that people were significantly less affected by aviation noise. This study also analyzed the real estate transactions in the Park by the characteristic price method, which showed that the real estate transactions in the Park were less expensive in the higher-level aviation noise control area, controlling for other variables, indicating that aviation noise had a negative impact on real estate transactions in the Dayuan District. In contrast, the amount of compensation provided by the Taoyuan International Airport to the Taoyuan City Government during the epidemic was only 64% of the amount before the epidemic, and the amount of prevention fees was only 55% of the amount before the epidemic,.However, there was no significant difference in the compensation received by the households in the aviation noise control area during theCOVID-19 pandemic, so that the overall welfare of the residents in the aviation noise control area of Taoyuan Airport was improved. The results of this study show that the Taoyuan International Airport was greatly impacted during the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic, while the actual impact of aviation noise on the households in the noise control zone was reduced during the epidemic, but there was no significant difference in terms of subsidies. In view of this, this study recommends improvements to the current compensation system。