亞洲運動彩券發行之分析－以中國、日本、韓國為例

The analysis of Sports Lottery Issue in Asia ---with Examples of China, Japan and Korea

金兌妍(Tae-Youn Kim)

指導教授 ： 程紹同

國立臺灣師範大學/運動與休閒學院/體育學系/碩士(2002年)

摘要

現今運動產業已蓬勃發展，而在運動產業中，運動彩券也佔有一個區隔，其中，中國、日本和韓國，透過發行運動彩券的收益，不僅提供了舉辦大型賽會上的財政幫助，並進而促進國家整體體育運動的發展。因此本研究欲探討中、日、韓三國運動彩券，盼能對台灣運動彩券的發行提出有效的建議。本文乃透過內容分析法及深入訪談法，分析中、日、韓三國運動彩券的現況、營運模式、及其缺失。
一、在種類部分，中國運動彩券的種類在電子式上可分為非預測比賽型和預測比賽型，其中在非預測比賽型上有數字型、運動項目型、和樂透型，在預測比賽上僅有足球彩券；韓國運動彩券在印刷上有傳統式和對獎式，而在電子式彩券上則有足球彩券、籃球彩券、競艇和競輪；日本運動彩券的種類僅有電子式彩券，有足球彩券、競艇和競輪。
二、在發行方法上，中國是由中央政府來發行；日本是由民間企業來發行；韓國是由國營事業和基金會來發行。
三、在購買方式上，中國在購買彩券上，皆以現金交易，要親自至彩券販賣店購買運動彩券；日本在購買彩券上，則是採會員制，會員和非會員有不同的購買方式，除了可以現金交易之外，亦可透過網路訂購之後，再以金融卡轉帳購買；韓國在購買彩券上，除了以現金交易之外，在傳統式彩券和sports toto上，可以透過網路訂購之後，再以金融卡購買。
四、在玩法上，在球類式中，中國只有一種種類（足球），一種玩法（預測比賽結果）；日本有3種種類（足球、競艇、競輪），共13種玩法；韓國有4種種類（足球、籃球、競艇、競輪），共13種玩法。
五、在中獎情形上，在球類式彩券頭獎、二獎、三獎的中獎獎金分配比率上，中國、日本和韓國則有明顯的差異。
六、在組織運作架構上，中國是由中央在到地方層層管理，屬於一條鞭組織；日本在任何相關的決策上都會透過委員會的管理和監督，屬於為委會式組織；韓國是由基金會和國營事業來專職專責管理，屬於半官方組織。
七、在通路上，中國皆在彩券的專賣店販賣，少部分為一般的個人零售；日本的通路在球類式彩券上，除了有一般的專賣店（便利商店）之外，也可上網訂購，而非球類式的情形可在比賽場地和事務所購買；韓國在傳統彩券部分僅能在彩券專賣店購買，而球類式除了有彩券專賣店之外，在一般的便利商店、超市、藥局皆有販售，而非球類式彩券的情形則和日本相同。
八、在收益分配上，中國的發行成本20％、公益基金30％、獎金紅利50％，而在球類式彩券中，日本和韓國的分配比率為，發行成本25％、公益基金25％、獎金紅利50％，在非球類式彩券中，日本的分配比率為，發行成本10％、公益基金15％、獎金紅利75％；韓國的分配比率為，發行成本18％、公益基金12％、獎金紅利70％。
九、在具體使用途徑上，中國和韓國運動彩券的收入金額的具體使用途徑，有很大的比率用於大型的體育活動和賽事，包括了場館的建設、舉辦賽會的籌備等。而日本則是一部份用於體育基礎教育和一般城鄉體育的發展，另一部份則是用於相關產業和政府公益事業的發展上。
最後再針對上述研究成果，對實際執行情形和後續研究提出相關的建議。

關鍵字

運動彩券 ； sports toto

並列摘要

The Analysis of Sports Lottery Issue in Asia
--with Examples of China Japan and Korea
Kim, Tae-Youn Advisor : Cheng, Shao-Tung Ph. D
Abstract
Due to much attention is put on the sports industry; it has becoming a popular and blooming one. Meanwhile, with time goes by, the sports lottery also draw people’s eyes to play a significant role in the sports field. Owing to people’s enthusiastic participation, the revenue of sports lottery not only brings the financial support to the formal athletic convention but also promotes the development of national sports to the authorities concerned of China, Japan and Korea. This research mainly focuses on sports lottery issued in China, Japan and Korea. Hope through the methods of data analysis, interview and discussion used to analyze the current sport lottery issue situation, running mode and malpractices in China, Japan and Korea will be helpful to offer appropriate and meaningful suggestions to Taiwan sports lottery issue.
1. Types
On-line sports lottery is very common on these three countries. In China, the on-line sports lottery is divided into two types, one is “Predictive-sports Lottery” and the other is “Non-Predictive-sports lottery”. The former one is also classified into three types, the Number, Item and Lottery grouped to be “Non sports to compete”, while there is only soccer sports lottery (sports toto) for “Sports to compete” of the Non-Predictive-sports lottery. In Japan, the situation is much simple. On-line lottery is only for sports toto, motor boat race and bicycle race lottery. As for Korea, there are various kinds of on-line lottery, such as sports toto, basketball sports lottery (sports toto), motor boat race and bicycle race lottery. In addition, there is one more especial printed lottery besides the on-line lottery. Chance taking and drawing types are for the (printed) lottery tickets.
2. Issue of the lottery
There is respective mechanism among countries. In China, it is governed by the central government; while it is governed by Government related enterprises and Foundation in Korea and by Nongovernmental enterprises in Japan.
3. Purchasing and Selling
In China, the lottery-buyers (players) have to go to vending shops to buy the lottery directly by cash. In Korea, there is one more option except tradition cash buying. The lottery-buyers may purchase various lottery, lottery and Sports lottery through internet service then billed by cash card. Much more difference in Japan is the membership system is applied. Different buying methods exist for members and non-members. As well to Korea, it is also available to order through internet and pay by cash card afterwards. Of course, cash trade is accepted in Japan.
4. Varieties
There is only one Object (Soccer) and one game (Sports to compete) in China; while there are three Objects (Soccer, Motor Boat Race and Bicycle Race) and Thirteen kinds of games in Japan.
5. Bonus Shares
There is quite a distinction in the allocation of Prize for First, Second and Third award by the BALL Type lottery among China, Japan and Korea.
6. Operation
It is strictly controlled from the Central Government to the Local Government in China., which is a Vertical Bureaucratic Organization; in Korea, it is operated by the Foundation and Government related enterprises of which belongs to semi-functional organization; while all the concerned decisions and strategies are managed and supervised by committee in Japan, of which belongs to organization of committee.
7. Purchasing and selling channel
Except few retail dealers, the lottery is monopolized in the authorized stores in China. In Japan, the BALL lottery can be purchased not only in stores (convenient stores) but also available in internet, while non-BALL lottery is available in the contest localities and the offices. As for Korea’s Chance-taking lottery, it is only sold in the authorized Lottery stores. The Ball Type lottery, on the contrary, is available in not only convenient stores but also supermarkets and pharmacies; while non-Ball lottery is the same as Japan.
8. Profit Allocation
It is assigned to be 20% for issue cost, 30% for public welfare fund, and 50% for award bonus in China. The Ball-type lottery in Korea and Japan is assigned to be 25% for issue cost, 25% for public welfare fund, and 50% for award bonus. As for the non-Ball-type lottery, there are some differences in Japan and Korea. In Japan, it is 10% for issue cost, 15% for public welfare, and 75% for award bonus; while in Korea, it is 18% for issue cost, 12% for public welfare, and 70% for award bonus.
9. The Use of Lottery-Funded Spending
It takes a large part of investing in large-sized physical activities and contests, including the gymnasiums and exercising places construction, and contests preparation in both China and Korea. In Japan, some parts are for basic physical education and the physical activities development of cities and countries; and the other are for the investment and development for the related Industries and National Public Welfare activities.
Finally, in concern with the above research outcome, some related suggestions for practical implementation and further research will be proposed.

並列關鍵字

sports lottery ； sports toto

參考文獻

陳五洲(譯)。運動研究法。台中：華格納企業。Thomas, J. R. & Nelson, J. K. (1990/2000). Research methods in physical education。

黃耀輝(民89)。公益彩券的迷思，經濟前瞻，1999年7月5日，頁68-71。

漢語大字典(1995)。漢語大字典編輯委員會。四川辭海出版社。

參考文獻

一、中文部分