中、英、日標點符號之對比分析及其跨語言中文使用者之偏誤分析

標點符號及空格需配合文字，故「符號成分」亦如「語言成分」般發生語言遷移和使用錯誤。然而，學界目前探討標點符號習得之視角，非常缺乏兼顧資訊處理/信息處理、兩岸系統、多種中文使用者之研究。　　本研究修訂相關理論，將學習者母語和目標語之形義對應關係增為七類──包括近形同義、近形廣義、母語獨有、近形異義、異形同義、外語獨有、近形狹義──並將使用錯誤減為三類，包括錯用或錯號（符形錯誤或符法錯誤，涵蓋相對位置與搭配順序）、多用或冗號（免用卻濫用）、少用或缺號（該用卻未用）。根據錯誤數量、符形之字元編碼、符法三者關聯，使用類型可重組為同碼正用、異碼正用、異碼誤用、單一同碼誤用、複合誤用、多重誤用、異用等七型分布。　　本研究參考中文、英文、日文之公定標準規範，對比兩符異同和對應關係後，以此為基礎編製診斷測驗題目和教學相關問題。徵得中文一般母語者、英文背景中文學習者、中文教學者填寫網頁版問卷。同時，以標點符號為字串，檢索、瀏覽「TOCFL 學習者語料庫」內英語和日語母語考生之中介語。檢視診斷測驗語料、考試寫作語料、問卷回應，分析其使用概況與各方意見。　　本研究結論如下：母語者犯錯多同碼誤用，而學習者偏誤多異碼誤用；特定用法常與某些成分共現，故母語者和學習者皆可能用錯其符形或符法；學習者母語之符形或符法確實會遷移至目標語，且兩符之形義對應關係若屬近形狹義、外語獨有、異形同義、近形異義這四類則較難掌握。因此，教師須顯性而整合地指導符號成分和語言成分之搭配形式。　　本研究對於閱讀教學、寫作教學、綜合性教材提出建議，主張既該設計中文新式標點符號及空格用法之練習（朗讀文本、造句、符號填空、寫信、作文、打字等），也當適時對照兩岸系統現行公定方案之用例。

關鍵字

閱讀；寫作；句讀；空格；語言習得

並列摘要

The phenomena of language transfer and errors can be seen both in language components and their matching punctuation marks, symbols, and spacing, which can be referred as sign components. This study is intended to examine punctuation acquisition from an integrated perspective of information processing, the Cross-strait official systems of the Standard Chinese language, and different types of users (native speakers, learners, and teachers). The theories of contrastive analysis and error analysis between any two punctuation systems are thereby modified in terms of their mapping of character encoding, usage, and error patterns. The texts of the users are from an online questionnaire (containing a test plus an opinion survey) and the TOCFL Learners’ Corpus. The most important finding of this study is that particular punctuation usages do closely relate to certain language components or forms. Therefore, it is suggested that punctuation should be explicitly taught in teaching reading and writing Chinese with sufficient tasks, such as recitation, sentence-making, blank-filling for punctuation, writing letters and compositions, and typing.