清華柒〈子犯子餘〉研究

A study of "Zi Fan Zi Yu" in Tsinghua Bamboo Slips Vol.7

洪鼎倫(Ting-Lun Hung)

指導教授 ： 高佑仁

國立成功大學/文學院/中國文學系/碩士(2019年)

摘要

《清華大學藏戰國竹簡（柒）》在2017年4月出版，內容共收錄四篇簡文，其中〈子犯子餘〉共十五簡，屬於「語」類文獻，記載公子重耳（697 B.C.-628 B.C.）流亡至秦國時，秦晉君臣間的交互問答。內容大可區分為六大段，第一、二段寫秦穆公（683 B.C.-621 B.C.）召見重耳隨臣──「子犯」、「子餘」，並詢問有關公子重耳流亡之事，子犯強調重耳的品行，子餘則論述重耳諸臣守志共利。第三段秦穆公再同時召見二人並賜予賞賜物。第四、五段秦穆公向蹇叔（690 B.C.-610 B.C.）詢問治國之道，蹇叔以「湯」和「紂」為例對比論述。第六段公子重耳向蹇叔詢問興邦之道，蹇叔分別舉「起邦」的四君主及「亡邦」的四君主為例回應。
　　本論文希望能透過文字考釋與字句釋讀的方式，釐訂文字、考證史實，俾使文通字順，幫助了解〈子犯子餘〉簡文的文字構形及文獻價值。

關鍵字

《清華大學藏戰國竹簡（柒）》 ； 〈子犯子餘〉 ； 古文字 ； 戰國文字 ； 文字考釋

並列摘要

SUMMARY
Tsinghua University Warring States Bamboo Slips Vol.7 which includes four articles was published in April, 2017. One of the four articles is Zi Fan Zi Yu, and there are 15 silk slips about it in total, which records the conversations between courtiers and the monarches. This contents can be separated into six paragraphs approximately.In order to understand Zi Fan Zi Yu, I collected the important opinions by many scholars, and studied a lot of books which are discussed Ancient Chinese character. In addition, I have adopted four methods which are based on the opinions of the scholars systematically and effectively.There are some textual criticisms and explanations of Chinese characters cannot be ascertained yet, and the writing style of the writer of this bamboo can be discussed deep. Therefore, I collected the opinions of the scholars first, and gave judgements on it by their achievements, and historical materials after.
I hope this thesis could help everyone realize the Chinese word characters structures of Warring States and the value of records of Zi Fan Zi Yu by making textual criticisms and explanations as well as translating sentences. In conclusion, I hope this thesis could ascertain characters, manifest historical facts, and make sentences fluent.

Key words：Tsinghua University Warring States Bamboo Slips Vol.7, Zi Fan Zi Yu（子犯子餘）, Ancient Chinese characters, Warring States characters, Making textual criticisms and explanations

INTRODUCTION
Tsinghua University Warring States Bamboo Slips Vol.7 which includes four articles was published in April, 2017. One of the four articles is Zi Fan Zi Yu, and there are 15 silk slips about it in total, which records the conversations between courtiers and the monarches. The content records Chong Er（重耳）（697 B.C. - 628 B.C.）exiled to Qin（秦）, dialogue opinions between courtiers and the monarches. The contents can be separated into six paragraphs approximately. The first and second paragraphs record Duke Mu of Qin（秦穆公）（683 B.C.-621 B.C.）called for Zi Fan（子犯）and Zi Yu（子餘）who were Chong Er’s officials in feudal times an interview separately, and asked about Chong Er’s exile. And after, Zi Fan emphasized Chong Er’s behavior and morality, Zi Yu elaborated that Chong Er’s officials in feudal times insisted on their aspirations and shared benefits. The third paragraph records Duke Mu of Qin called simultaneously for Zi Fan and Zi Yu again, and gave them the awards. The fourth and fifth paragraphs record Duke Mu of Qin asked Jian Shu（蹇叔）（690 B.C.-610 B.C.）the way of administering a country, and Jian Shu expounded by Tang（湯）and Zhou（紂）in contrast. The sixth paragraph records Chong Er asked Jian Shu how to manage state affairs well, and Jian Shu responded separately that four kings could let country flourish and four kings could let country die out.

MATERIALS AND METHODS
In order to understand Zi Fan Zi Yu, I collected the important opinions by many scholars, and studied a lot of books which are discussed Ancient Chinese character. In my thesis, three materials can be adopted. First, there are many Chinese characters including oracle scripts, inscription on pottery, and other Warring States characters could be compared with the characters in Zi Fan Zi Yu. Secondly, there are many opinions could help me know what possibility the characters could be on line discussed by numerous scholars. Thirdly, there are lots of ancient books could help me know the meaning of the characters. Finaly, I have made use of three materials to accomplish my thesis systematically.
In my thesis, I have adopted four methods which are based on the opinions of the scholars. First of all, I compared the ancient Chinese characters in Zi Fan Zi Yu with oracle scripts, inscription on pottery, and other Warring States characters. By this way, I can realize how the ancient Chinese characters develop in structure, as well as, I am able to identify what the characters are. Secondly, I used the texts in excavated manuscripts and in other ancient books to manifest the meanings of the characters in Zi Fan Zi Yu. Thirdly, I analyzed and compared the Chinese characters components in Zi Fan Zi Yu, because there are many similar or different characters components in ancient Chinese characters. Therefore, I could identify the characters easily. Fourthly, I made textual criticisms and explanations by understanding the characters creating principles. Last but not least, I have used four methods to make textual criticisms and explanations effectively.

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION
These silk slips have been published for three years. The textual criticisms and explanations of Chinese characters have been discussed by the scholars, so there is the high research value obviously. However, there are some textual criticisms and explanations of Chinese characters cannot be ascertained yet, and the writing style of the writer of this bamboo can be discussed deep. Therefore, I collected the opinions of the scholars first, and gave judgements on it by their achievements, and historical materials after.

CONCLUSION
I hope this thesis could help everyone realize the Chinese word characters structures of Warring States and the value of records of Zi Fan Zi Yu by making textual criticisms and explanations as well as translating sentences. In conclusion, I hope this thesis could ascertain characters, manifest historical facts, and make sentences fluent.

並列關鍵字

Tsinghua University Warring States Bamboo Slips Vol.7 ； Zi Fan Zi Yu ； Ancient Chinese characters ； Warring States characters ； Making textual criticisms and explanations

參考文獻

陶金：〈清華簡七《子犯子餘》「人面」試解〉，武漢網（http://www.bsm.org.cn/show_article.php?id=2815），2017年5月26日

程浩：〈清華簡第七輯整理報告拾遺〉，清華網（http://www.ctwx.tsinghua.edu.cn/publish/cetrp/6831/2017/20170423064545430510109/20170423064545430510109_.html），2017年4月23日。

程燕：〈清華七劄記三則〉，武漢網（http://www.bsm.org.cn/show_article.php?id=2788），2017年4月26日。

馮勝君：〈清華簡《子犯子余》篇「不忻」解〉，武漢網（http://www.bsm.org.cn/show_article.php?id=2799），2017年5月4日。

趙平安、王挺斌：〈論清華簡的文獻價值〉，簡帛網（http://www.bsm.org.cn/show_article.php?id=3361），2019年5月7日。