安德烈．紀德之背德者中個人性向身分認同 vs. 世紀末中產階級意識形態

Individual Sexual Identity vs. Fin de Siecle Bourgeois Ideology in Andre Gide’s The Immoralist

高健毓(Kao, Chienyu)

指導教授 ： 羅林

國立中正大學/文學院/外國語文學系/碩士(2012年)

摘要

本文旨在主張查理．波特萊爾以及法國世紀末意象主義家針對個人身分認同所提出之質疑，開啟安德烈．紀德重新檢視個人性向身分認同之契機。小說中主角米契爾質疑中產階級男性意識形態以二元對立過份簡化概念來塑造個人性向身分認同之謬誤。透過探討茱蒂絲．巴特勒之「心靈之仿擬」，幫助讀者了解米契爾同性慾望情愫於心靈運作的狀態。另外米契爾．傅柯提出對於「性」所解釋之歷史觀點說明從十八世紀以降，人們談性色變之箇中原因。伊芙．莎爵薇克之「同性社交慾望」闡述了米契爾將自身男性陽剛氣質轉化為女性富含溫柔嬌順之特性背後之原因。
第一章探討：一). 法國世紀末歷史背景，二). 不同歷史時期所形塑之中產階級男性意識形態，三). 波特萊爾和法國向主義家所採用的獨特方式來反叛中產階級男性意識形態。他們過著時髦花花公子之穿著、城市漫遊之型態、以及放蕩不羈波西米亞人式的生活來打破中產階級沙文男性意識型態。
第二章從米契爾內在心靈的機制出發，探討他自己對於世紀末中產階級男性意識形態對於一個人身分認同之限制，其拘束一個人日常的發展，包含：中產階級之儀式、中產階級繼承及所有物之概念、異性戀婚姻、充滿父權權威的命名。 其中米契爾對於自己不時將注意力放在同性青少年上也花了大半篇幅在小說中討論。

關鍵字

城市漫遊者 ； 個人性向身分認同 ； 二元對立 ； 法國世紀末男性意識形態 ； 花花公子 ； 波西米亞人

並列摘要

This thesis argues that Charles Baudelaire and the French Symbolists prepared Andre Gide room to reexamine sexual self-identity and argues that Gide, through the character of Michel in The Immoralist, questions the French Fin de Siecle bourgeois-class male ideology that shaped his sexual self-identity in terms of binary opposition. Judith Butler’s Psychic Mimesis helps explain Michel’s mental mechanism that creates desire for Arabian and Algerian boys rather than his wife, Marceline. Michel Foucault’s historical viewpoints in The History of Sexuality help explain how the issue of “sexuality” becomes so “costly” Eve Sedgwick’s “homosocial desire” helps interpret why Michel reappropriates his role from masculinity to femininity.
Chapter one discusses a) the historical background of the French Fin de Siecle, b) distinct time frames that shaped bourgeois-class male ideology, and c) the unique methods adopted by Baudelaire and the French Symbolists to challenge bourgeois-class male ideology. They chose to live as dandies, flaneurs, and bohemians.
Chapter two, starting from Michel’s psychic mechanism, discusses his growing self-awareness about individual sexual self-identity threatened by bourgeois-class ritual, heredity and possessions, heterosexual marriage, patriarchal naming. Also, homoerotic desire toward Arabian and Algerian boys signifies Michel’s revolt against bourgeois-class male ideology.

並列關鍵字

flaneur ； individual sexual self-identity ； binary opposition ； French Fin de Siecle bourgeois-class male ideology ； dandies ； bohemians

參考文獻

Works Cited

Abrams, Meyer Howard. Ed. The Norton Anthology of English Literature. 2nd volume New York: Norton, 1993. Print.

Altick, Richard. The English Common Reader: A Social History of the Mass Reading Public 1800-1900. Columbus: Ohio State UP. 1998. Print.

Beaver, Harold. “Homosexual Signs (In Memory of Roland Barthes)” Critical Inquiry 8.1 (1981): 36-60. Print.

---. Bodies that Matter: On the Discursive Limits of Sex. New York: Routledge, 1993. Print.