由於全球競爭與生產技術不斷的創新,組織將會需要更多具備自發性、主動性的人才來勝任不斷變化的工作職務(Frese & Fay, 2001)。今日,許多組織都將主動行為視為工作要求之一,不僅雇用具有主動導向的員工,同時也不斷與員工溝通主動行為的價值(Erdogan & Bauer, 2005)。在學術研究領域,主動性格(proactive personality)的概念由Bateman與Crant(1993)提出至今已被學界廣泛研究與討論(Crant & Bateman, 2000; Fuller Jr & Marler, 2009; Li, Harris, Boswell, & Xie, 2011),然而大多數的研究較少論及主動性格者所處環境帶來的影響效果;也甚少提及主動性格者有時自己可能會做出不當行為,導致組織耗費更多的金錢與時間。因此,本研究援引特質活化理論、社會資訊處理理論、團體迷思觀點,以多層次研究檢測團隊層次變數「凝聚力」如何在主動性格者與建言行為及助人行為關係間扮演調節角色。 為驗證複現邏輯與增加外部效度,本研究進行兩個子研究。同時,為避免共同方法變異的問題,研究一以時間區隔法針對18個工作團隊的187份配對樣本進行研究。研究二以主管-員工進行配對問卷,針對來自29所學校的48個處室團隊,總計包含319位員工進行調查,每一組有效問卷包含一位主管及十位直屬員工。由於本研究探討之變數跨及兩個分析層次,故於分析方法上採取階層線性模型(hierarchical linear modeling; HLM)進行分析。研究一與研究二結果均顯示相較於高團隊凝聚力的環境,當主動性格者處於低任務型凝聚力的環境中,愈會表現建言行為;而當主動性格者面臨低人際型凝聚力的環境時,愈會表現助人行為。本研究在理論貢獻方面,打破既有對於凝聚力將導致正面效益的觀點;在實務的部分提供經理人如何營造「適當的情境」,進而誘發主動性格者表現更多的組織公民行為的建議。
Increasing global competition and constant changes of innovation of technology reinforce the need for organizations to recruit proactive employees (Frese & Fay, 2001). Many companies now treat proactive behaviors as requirement for jobs and continually communicate to employees that proactive behaviors are valued (Erdogan & Bauer, 2005). Proactive personality is one of the most studied areas of proactive behaviors (Bateman & Crant,1993; Crant & Bateman, 2000; Fuller Jr & Marler, 2009; Li, Harris, Boswell, & Xie, 2011). However, there is a lack of investigating the situation effect to proactive personality and work outcomes. This paper uses trait activation theory, social information processing theory and groupthink concept to examine the situation effect (group-level variable) “cohesiveness” on the relationship between proactive personality and voice/ helping behavior. In order to produce replication logic and increase the external validity, and avoid common method variance, this study designed two studies to test the hypothesis. Study 1 collected data with multi-temporal points. Samples were drawn from 187 employees of 18 working groups. Study 2 used 319 school administrative staff, 48 of their supervisors in 29 high schools. HLM (hierarchical linear modeling) is used for statistic analyses. Moderating effect of cohesiveness was found in both studies. The results indicated that the higher degree of task/ interpersonal cohesiveness, the weaker relationship between proactive personality and voice/ helping behaviors. Based on the research findings, implications and suggestions for theories and practical implementations were offered.