季節對白肉雞移棲行為之影響及使用密度和光照改善之探討

本試驗目的在探討不同季節對平飼肉雞移棲行為之影響，而造成某些區域飼養密度提高，並探討高飼養密度下對肉雞生長性能影響及利用調整光照週期是否會改善其生長性能及行為。試驗一採用3週齡白色肉雞，在舍內以圍籬分成前（水簾區）、中、後（風扇區）三大區，自每區各選取40隻肉雞，以顏色標示來源（前：黑色；中：紅色；後：黃色）。之後撤走圍籬，使雞隻重新混群。然後再將雞舍區分為4個處理區域：處理1為緊鄰水簾端區域，處理2為中間靠水簾端，處理3為中間靠風扇端，處理4為風扇端。每區域面積皆為7.58(長) × 8.45(寬) m2。於熱季（7月底至8月初）及涼季（12月）計算每區域不同顏色標示雞隻之移棲數量。進行方式是每日6：00、12：00、18：00及24：00等四個時段各觀察記錄一次，持續進行2週。試驗二採用1日齡白色肉雞共672隻，依體重逢機分配到四種飼養密度的處理，處理1至處理4分別為每平方公尺10、14、18及22隻雞，每處理4重複。試驗期間採任食任飲。每日紀錄雞隻採食量，每週定時秤重1次，並記錄平均日增重及飼料轉換率。試驗觀察為期6週。試驗三採3(光照)×4(飼養密度)複因子設計。光照處理分為24L/0D、16L/8D及8L/16D等三種，飼養密度分為22、18、14及10 隻雞/m2等四種。試驗三使用1日齡愛拔益家白色肉雞共1,080隻，依體重逢機分配至不同組合之處理組，採任飲任飼。記錄攝食量、體增重及飼料效率，此外亦觀察雞隻行為。試驗期六週。試驗一結果顯示，原本位於水簾區（黑色）之雞隻移棲至風扇端之數量顯著較少，中間區（紅色）之雞隻移棲至水簾端及風扇端隻數量顯著較多，而風扇端（黃色）之雞隻移棲至水簾端數量也顯著較高。季節及區域的交互作用呈顯著。涼季時，原本位於水簾端（黑色）及風扇端（黃色）之雞隻移棲至風扇端數量顯著較熱季者為多；熱季時，移棲至水簾端之雞隻也顯著較涼季者多。試驗二結果顯示，於生長後期（約五週齡），飼養密度高於每平方公尺14隻雞，其攝食量及體增重會顯著較差。試驗三結果顯示，各密度組別搭配24L有較佳之攝食量及體增重。行走、站立、沙浴行為會隨飼養密度下降及光照時間縮短而增加。躺臥行為則相反。高飼養密度下，縮短光照時間會增加肉雞攝食及理毛行為。綜合上述，雞隻確實會有因不同環境溫度影響而移棲之情形，且會造成該區飼養密度過高等問題，且高飼養密度確實會對肉雞生長造成負面影響，試驗三中得知光照週期調節似乎無法有效減少高飼養密度下肉雞之緊迫，且無論任何情況下，24小時光照搭配任何飼養密度組別都有較其他光照組來得佳之生長性能，故建議畜舍內可使用分區飼養，並依照季節及飼養區域調整飼養密度，但此項方法對肉雞影響之結果仍待未來研究。

關鍵字

肉雞；光照週期；移棲；季節；飼養密度

並列摘要

The purpose of this experiment is to investigate the effects of different seasons on the migratory behavior of floor feed broiler, then increase the stocking density in some areas, also explore the effect of high stocking density on growth performance of broilers and whether it will improve the growth performance and behavior by adjusting the photoperiod. In the first experiment, broiler of 3 weeks old was used, and the fence was divided into three areas: the front (wet pad area), the middle and the rear (fan area), and 40 broilers were selected from each area to indicate the source by color (front: Black; medium: red; rear: yellow). Afterwards, the fence was removed and the chickens were remixed. The house is then divided into four treatment areas: treatment 1 is adjacent to the water curtain area, treatment 2 is the middle water curtain area, treatment 3 is the middle fan area, and treatment 4 is adjacent to the fan area. The range per area is 7.58 (length) × 8.45 (width). In hot season (from the end of July to the beginning of August) and cool season (December), calculate the number of migratory birds in different colors in each area. The mode of observation is to record each time in four time periods, such as 6:00, 12:00, 18:00 and 24:00, for 2 weeks. In the second experiment, a total of 672 broilers of 1 day old were used, and the weights were assigned to four feeding densities according to the body weight. Treatments 1 to 4 were 10, 14, 18 and 22 chickens per square meter, respectively. Each treatment have 4 replication. During the whole experiment, the feed and water was ad libitum. The feed intake of chickens was recorded daily, weighed once per week, and the average daily gain and feed efficiency were recorded. The experimental continued for 6 weeks. In the third experiment, a complex factor design of 3 (lighting) × 4 (stocking density) was adopted. The light treatment is divided into 24L/0D, 16L/8D and 8L/16D, and the stocking density is divided into four types: 22, 18, 14 and 10 birds/m2. It was use total of 1,080 one day old, and they were distributed to different treatment groups according to their body weight. Feed and water also ab libitum. The food intake, body weight gain and feed efficiency were recorded, and the behavior of the birds was also observed. The experiment period is six weeks. The results of the experiment 1 showed that the number of chickens originally located in the wet pad area (black) moved to the fan area was significantly less, and the number of chickens in the middle area (red) moved to the wet pad area and the fan area was significantly more. The number of chickens in the fan area (yellow) that migrated to the wet pad area was significantly higher. Seasonal and area interactions are significant. In cool season, the number of chickens that were originally located in the wet pad area (black) and the fan area (yellow) moved to the fan area was significantly higher than that in the hot season；In hot season, the chickens that migrated to the wet pad area were also significantly more than in cool season. The results of Experiment 2 showed that at the late growth stage （about five weeks old）, if the stocking density was higher than 14 chickens per square meter, and the feed intake and body weight gain were significantly worse. The results of Experiment 3 showed that each density group matched with 24L had better food intake and body weight gain. Walking, standing, and sand bathing behaviors increase as the stocking density decreases and the light time decreases. Lying is the opposite. At high stocking densities, shortening the light exposure time will increase the feeding and grooming behavior of broilers. In summary, the chickens do have migration due to different environmental temperature effects, and will cause problems such as high stocking density in the area, and the high stocking density does have a negative impact on the growth of broilers. Regulation does not seem to be effective in reducing the urgency of broilers at high stocking densities, and in any case, 24 hour light with any stocking density group has better growth performance than other light groups, so it is recommended that the livestock can be used in the housing, and The stocking density is adjusted according to the season and the feeding area, but the results of this method on broilers are still to be studied in the future.

並列關鍵字

broiler ； lighting program ； migration ； season ； stocking density

參考文獻

季培元。1979。家禽生理學。台灣商務印書館股份有限公司，156、174、177-181、343-344、332-334頁。

Google Scholar

夏良宙。1996。水簾式雞舍基本原理。

Google Scholar

Abrahams, M. V., and P. W. Colgan. 1985. Risk of predation, hydrodynamic efficiency and their influence on school structure. Environmental Biology of Fishes. 13:195-202.

Google Scholar

Abudabos, A. M., E. M. Samara, E. O. S. Hussein, and R. AI-Atiyat. 2013b. Impacts of stocking density on the performance and welfare of broiler chickens. Ital J Anim Sci. 12:11.

Google Scholar

Aidley, D. J. 1981. Animal migration. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press.

Google Scholar

主題瀏覽