馬督拉傳統共管式家庭農園制度在新冠肺炎流行期間對農家糧食安全之影響評估

農村地區之家庭農園生產方式對家戶單位之糧食安全及維護生物多樣性具有重要作用；新冠肺炎大流行期間實施的各種預防措施對影響了糧食供應系統和全球農糧供應鏈的正常運作，因而家庭農園生產系統格外重要。馬督拉傳統共管式家庭農園制度Tanean Lanjang (TLTHG) 為當地傳統家庭聚落之住居型態，兼具生活與共同管理的農園生產活動區域。本研究調查了在新冠肺炎大流行期間仍實施TLTHG制度之農家的家庭糧食安全 (FHFS) 狀況和決定因素，以及該制度之管理及其對農業生物多樣性的貢獻。本研究地點在馬督拉族發源地之印度尼西亞的馬都拉島之所有行政區（含Bangkalan、Sampang、Pamekasan 和 Sumenep等四個行政區）進行。採訪了四位孰悉當地情形之關鍵人士以及 400 名農民，本研究調查期間為 2020 年 11 月到 2021 年 8 月，以能涵蓋雨季和旱季的不同農園生產型態，共觀察到 200 個 TLTHG。本研究使用二元邏輯模型分析影響家庭糧食安全 (FHFS) 之因素。而家庭糧食安全 (FHFS)狀況之測量則分別使用以下三種指標: 家庭內具充足食物供應的月數 (MAHFP)、糧食不安全量表 (HFIAS) 和家庭膳食多樣性評分量表(HDDS)。本研究並以民族植物學之研究方法用於分析 TLTHG 的農業生物多樣性和管理機制。本研究結果發現，儘管新冠肺炎大流行期間，仍有超過一半的農戶能夠實現糧食安全。使用 TLTHG 制度生產之農牧產品是農家在新冠肺炎大流行期間因應糧食安全問題最常見的應對策略。二元邏輯模型的分析結果顯示，家庭收入越高，TLTHG 中的植物種類越多，農家具糧食安全的可能性就越大。本研究觀察記錄的植物品種有 108 種，其中 68.5% 為食用之用途以改善營養攝取。此外，TLTHG還具有創造家庭收入、提供農業生物多樣性、調節微氣候和社會文化服務功能。馬督拉族群使用傳統知識管理農園且男性和女性都參與其中；TLTHG 無論是否在新冠肺炎大流行期間都可發揮重要作用。因此，政府應推動此系統的發展，以改善印度尼西亞的糧食安全狀況。

關鍵字

新冠肺炎；糧食安全；家庭農園； Tanean Lanjang 共管式家庭農園制度；農戶；農業生物多樣性；馬督拉島

並列摘要

Home gardening has an important role in household food security and biodiversity preservation in rural areas; and it is even more important while implementing prevention measures during the COVID-19 pandemic period. As often, such measures disrupted the food system and global supply chain. The Madurese ethnic Tanean Lanjang Traditional Home Garden (TLTHG) system has a unique feature of jointly managing the shared home garden among households living in a traditional residential-living-production scheme. This research investigated the status and determinants farm household food security (FHFS) for Madurese ethnic group that still exercising the TLTHG system during the COVID-19 pandemic as well as the TLTHG system on agrobiodiversity, management, and its role in FHFS. The study was conducted in all four regencies (Bangkalan, Sampang, Pamekasan, and Sumenep) in Madura Island, Indonesia, as it is the origin of Madurese ethnicity. Four key informants and 400 farmers were interviewed, and a total of 200 TLTHG were observed in both the wet and dry seasons, covering from November 2020 to August 2021. The FHFS status was measured using Months of Adequate Household Food Provisioning (MAHFP), Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS), and the Household Dietary Diversity Score (HDDS), and their determinants were analyzed using the binary logistic model. An ethnobotanical study was used to analyze the agrobiodiversity and management of TLTHG. This study reveals that despite the prevalence of COVID-19 pandemic, more than half of the farm households were able to achieve food security status. The utilization of TLTHG products (plants and livestock) is the most common coping strategy adopted by farm households during the COVID-19 pandemic. The binary logistic model indicates that the higher household income and the greater number of plant species in the TLTHG increase the probability of a farm household being food secure. There were 108 plant species recorded, and 68.5% of those species were used for food and provision for farm households' daily nutrition. Furthermore, TLTHG also has the function of generating household income, providing an agrobiodiversity reserve, regulating microclimate, and servicing social culture. The Madurese ethnic group uses traditional knowledge to manage their garden, and both men and women participated in the production activities. This research implies that TLTHG can have an important role not only during the COVID-19 pandemic. Therefore, the development of home gardening system should be promoted by the government to improve food security in Indonesia.

並列關鍵字

COVID 19 ； food security ； home garden ； Tanean Lanjang ； farm household ； agrobiodiversity ； Madura Island

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