矯正機關員工工作壓力與健康促進生活型態之關聯

近年矯正機關收容人數持續超收，2019年10月臺灣各監所超收4631人(超收比率8.0%)，臺中監獄2019年8月超收人數更達1,123人（超收比率25.3%），相當嚴重。相關研究顯示：矯正機關的工作環境與型態，加劇了監獄員工的職場壓力，甚至會導致如憂鬱症、焦慮症、睡眠障礙、倦怠、酗酒、提前退休和冠狀動脈疾病等健康問題。而監獄處於監禁封閉的環境，由少數職員全天候、不斷地管理著多數受刑人，不但需執行嚴格的紀律與制度，更身處於高危險、高壓力情境。矯正機關內員工的職場健康促進議題，值得重視。因此，本研究目的：在瞭解矯正機關員工其工作壓力的狀況及其現行健康促進生活型態方式，並探討兩者的關聯性。本研究以我國矯正機關某監獄內員工為調查對象，使用包括：個人基本特性、工作壓力及健康促進生活型態等結構式問卷為工具，由研究者至各單位說明、發放紙本並實施全檢。共計發出459 份問卷，回收有效問卷355份(有效問卷回收率77.34%)。所得資料經整理建檔後，進行次數分配、平均數、標準差等描述性統計，以及t檢定、單因子變異數分析、皮爾森積差相關、複迴歸分析等統計分析。研究結果顯示：矯正機關內 (1)員工對於健康促進生活型態中較注重且實施較佳的是「人際關係」，最容易輕忽的則是「健康責任」。(2)員工中，工作心理負荷較重的族群為有輪值班的人；工作體力負荷較重的族群為任職戒護科者。(3)員工自覺工作控制較佳和同事支持度高者，在健康促進生活型態的執行效益較佳；反之，自覺工作缺乏保障的族群，對於健康促進生活型態的施行越不重視。本研究建議：(1)改善矯正機關基層人員人力需求，主管對員工多鼓勵、少責備，應廣納意見，多聽取基層員工建議和想法，以降低其工作壓力、建立職場正向氛圍。(2)定期開辦健康促進、壓力認識實體操作課程與線上課程，因應輪值班工作方式，全員共享。(3)設立「健康休憩小棧」，提供有關健康疑問資訊，並可在監所內網路同步提供線上即時健康問與答諮詢。(4)廣設多元化運動社團與加強辦理休閒活動，增加家屬、主管、同事支持力量，大大提昇工作效益並建立同事自主健康管理。

關鍵字

工作壓力；健康促進生活型態

並列摘要

In recent years, correctional institutions have continued to over-incarcerate. In October 2019, the prisons in Taiwan over-incarcerated 4,631 people (over-incarceration ratio = 8.0%), and Taichung Prison even over-incarcerated 1,123 people (over-incarceration ratio = 25.3%), an extremely severe level. Relevant studies have shown that the working environment and conditions of correctional institutions intensify workplace stress on prison employees and even result in health problems such as depression, anxiety, sleep disorders, burnout, alcoholism, early retirement, and coronary artery disease. Prisons are closed environments, and a small number of staff constantly manage a large number of inmates all day. They not only have to implement strict discipline and systems but also cope with high-risk and high-stress situations. The topic of workplace health promotion for employees in correctional institutions should be valued. Therefore, this study aimed to understand the situation of employees’ work stress in correctional institutions and their current health-promoting lifestyle as well as to discuss the correlations between the two. In this study, employees in a prison in Taiwan were the survey subjects. Structured questionnaires covering individual basic characteristics, work stress, and health-promoting lifestyles were administered. The researcher visited different units to explain the study, distribute the questionnaire, and perform a full inspection. A total of 459 questionnaires were distributed, and 355 valid questionnaires were retrieved for a valid questionnaire response rate of 77.34%. After the obtained data were organized and documented, descriptive statistics of number distribution, mean, and standard deviation were performed. In addition, statistical analyses were conducted using t tests, one-way analysis of variance, the Pearson product-moment correlation coefficient, and multiple regression analysis. The study results revealed the following about the prison: (1) The employees valued interpersonal relationships in the health-promoting lifestyle and exhibited superior implementation; health responsibility was more easily neglected. (2) Among the employees, the population with heavier mental load was shift workers; the population with heavier physical load was personnel in the Guard and Control Section. (3) The employees with superior conscious work control and more support from colleagues had superior implementation efficacy in the health-promoting lifestyle. By contrast, the population that felt a lack of job security valued the implementation of the health-promoting lifestyle less. This study proposed the following suggestions: (1) The manpower demand for lower-level employees should be improved. The managers should encourage employees more and blame them less. They should accept the opinions of lower-level employees and listen to them more. This would reduce work stress and establish a positive atmosphere in the workplace. (2) Actual operation courses and online courses for health promotion and stress knowledge should be offered periodically. Such courses can be shared with everyone in response to shift work. (3) A “health rest inn” should be established to provide information related to health. In addition, instant health Q&A consultation can be provided online over the Internet in the prison. (4) Diverse sport clubs should be established and recreational activities should be held. Support from families, managers, and colleagues should be improved to substantially increase work efficacy and establish self-health management among employees.