商標法上之合理使用原則-比較我國與美國法制

合理使用原則係智慧財產權中極為重要的一環，商標制度係為表彰商品與服務之來源，為避免造成消費者的混淆誤認，其主要之目的在保障商標權人權利以及保障消費者利益。為了促進工商業的發展、促進科技的進步，因此有了智慧財產權的產生，即允許商標權人就其所創作之智慧財產擁有獨占的權利。商標法允許商標權人就其所欲表彰之商品或服務之商標文字或圖形擁有專用之權利，未得商標權人事前同意，即不得任意的使用。為調和商標權人的權利以及社會大眾或是相關的競爭者能有自由使用商標的權利，在保護商標權之前提下，不致於過度擴張保護而侵害到社會大眾權利。因此，為了保障社會大眾能夠自由的使用文字的權利，以及讓消費者能夠識別商標的利益，自應讓合理使用夠被引用。但是必須要在何種情形下，毋需經過商標權人的同意或授權，第三人在使用商標權人的商標才能稱為合理的使用？商標主要功能就是識別的功能，商標識別性就是商標最基本之註冊要件，商標需要具備識別性才得以受到保護。只要是能被接受的判斷原則，且會給一般民眾有明確的遵循的方向，如此，即不會因不小心的誤用而被商標權人指控侵權。在美國，就商標部份有非常多合理使用的案例及探討，各級法院的判決及相關學說都可作為國引的借鏡，本文亦擬藉由探討美國法制的相關規定及實務，並就我國現行法制的實務判決與學說，比較二者之同異，並歸納出適用於我國之合理使用的判斷原則，希望能成為相關單位訂定判斷準則之參考。

關鍵字

合理使用原則；商標制度；混淆誤認；商標權人；合理的使用；商標識別性

並列摘要

The fair use doctrine is very important in the field of intellectual property right. A trademark is the sign indicating source of goods or service, and the purpose of trademark is to safeguard trademark rights and consumers' interest, maintain fair competitions of markets, and facilitate normal development of industries and business. Trademark Act is especially formulated for trademark issues, whereas Fair Trade Act is enacted for governing unfair competition. Trademark infringement or symbol infringement which is one of unfair competitions is only one issue in Fair Trade Act. However, it becomes the most popular field in the act because of its frequent occurrence. The formulation and enforcement of Trademark Act are earlier than Fair Trade Act and becomes perfect to trademark protection with fourteen amendments and development in legal system. The study provides the comparison of the trademark law and cases between Taiwan and US, so as to distinct the difference for the determination of “fair use” in administrative examination, civil and criminal lawsuit. Furthermore, the current study wishes to provide suggestions for examination or law amendment in the future, so as to provide a reasonable protection scope of trademark for businesses in Taiwan.