盼望詮釋學與善之理念：一種莫特曼神學與柏拉圖哲學之對話嘗試

Theology of Hope and Idea of Good: An Attempt at Dialog between Moltmann's Theology and Plato's Philosophy

陸敬忠(Jing-Jong Luh)

《中原學報》 31卷4期 (2003/12) Pp. 329-352

https://doi.org/10.6358/JCYU.200312.0006

摘要

莫特曼神學無疑是當代神學之一關鍵，甚至是西方神學發展史中之一高潮。吾人可一方面於其中察覺對當代歐陸神學前輩典範如巴特、布特曼、潘霍華、田力克乃至其師H. J. Iwand與O. Weber之批判性綜合，另一方面可見其與同輩神學菁英如Pannenberg，Jungel，Metz，Solle等之折衝論橫。此外，他不但是當代政治神學、生態神學、世界教會神學運動之先鋒，也是黑人神學、解放神學、女性神學、民眾神學之熱情對話者。然而能使其神學成為經典的，更是其由對西方神學與哲學傳統系統性批判與建設性掌握而形塑出其具縱深面向之原創性神學思想。然而時下研究多以對其思想與傳統及當代神學之關係底為主，在哲學方面則以其與Bloch或法蘭克福學派之關係為主。在此脈絡下，本文主旨遂在於對以下較被忽略之問題進行初探性研究：莫特曼思想與傳統及當代哲學之關係如何，其於西方哲學與神學互動發展史中之系統性地位如何？其神學思想如何批判性處理哲學典範而由此中建構其原創性神學？在此脈絡下其神學又可給于西方神學與漢語文化之對話何種啟發與視野？
莫式神學作為西方思想史之為神學與哲學互動辯證過程批判性與原創性之綜合本身便是一種在認同與參與間之辯證而此使其神學成為此發展史中之一高潮。在此脈絡下，本文將以希臘哲學為典範，就莫式對其批判進行系統性重構，並且由此透觀其基於對希臘哲學典範之批判而構思之盼望詮釋學底基本種子思想。本文於文本方面便以其神學成名經典作品《盼望神學》與《被釘十字架的上帝》為主。因為在此兩著作中莫式對希臘哲學典範性之批判底基調已成形，亦即對永恆即當下之神觀及其不變性與無情性、特別是冷漠性底批判。
本文將由生成系統性地論述莫式對希臘Logos觀念、神顯宗教、至上獨一神觀及其證明以及同性原理與類比原則之批判出發，進而由此重點式地對比凸顯出其盼望詮釋學中構思種子思想：應許語言對應於無歷史性之邏輯，終末論式啟示信仰對應於神顯宗教，基督論式與三一論式詮釋學對應於一神論式形上學，辯證法對應於同性原理與類比原則。接著，吾人將嘗試以柏拉圖為範例使其與莫式進行思想性對話，對話過程中亦將引進作為當代對希臘形上學之終極批判者海德格思想與作為柏拉圖哲思代言人之當代哲學詮釋學大師高達美思想參與對話。柏拉圖到底對至上神亦即「至善」有何見解？這些見解是否在莫式之批判之下？海德格與高達美又將如何在此問題視域下回應？如是可於前述對應中再引進對話，存有與真理之顯隱對化過程，光照與他者等種子思想進入對話。
最後，吾人將對由此文探討之開放性結論出發構思在愛之辯證法之脈絡下探究莫式神學與另一位西洋哲學中與神學糾葛之典範大師黑格爾哲思之關係底可能性，以及在此進一步探究之視域下設想基督信仰與漢語文化三大傳統對化之可能性。

關鍵字

莫特曼 ； 柏拉圖 ； 海德格 ； 高達美 ； 盼望神學 ； 十架神學 ； 希臘哲學 ； 自然神學 ； 詮釋學 ； 應許 ； 神觀 ； 類比原則 ； 辯證法 ； 對話

並列摘要

Moltmann is undoubtedly one of the nodal points of contemporary theology, even a peak of the development of Western Theology. One can find in him on the one hand a critical synthesis from his modern European theological predecessors such as Barth, Bultmann, Bonhoeffer and Tillich, and his teacher Hans Joachim Iwand and Otto Weber, and on the other hand a dialog-discussion with contemporary prominent theologians such as Pannenberg, Jungel, Kung, Metz, Solle, etc. Over and above that, he is not only a pioneer of political, ecumenical and ecological theology, but also a passionate interlocutor with black theology, liberation theology, feminist theology and Minjung theology. But what his classic theological thinking makes, lies not only in his modernity, but also in the deep dimension of his systematical criticism and productive summing up with regard to philosophy in the Western culture-tradition. Now there are already research and discussions about Moltmann’s theology regarding traditional and modern theology, and his relation to Bloch or the Frankfurter school. Against this background there is one of the not-yet-surveyed question-horizons, which could uncover an original research sphere: What is the relation of Moltmann’s thinking to traditional and contemporary philosophy? What is his systematic position in the interrelation-history between philosophy and theology? In this context it is the goal of this essay to explore some themes: How does his thinking handle critically the paradigm of Western philosophy and construct creatively his own theological model? What kind of inspiration and horizon could his theological thinking in this interaction-context of philosophy and theology give us with regard to the dialog between Western and Chinese culture?
Moltmann’s theology shapes a critical and original synthesis in the Western intellectual history as the dialectical interaction between philosophy and theology. His thinking itself is a dialectic model between identity and relevance in this intellectual-historical context and this makes it a peak of this developmental history. In this essay the author shall take the first paradigm of Western philosophy, the classic Greek philosophy, as the first theme in this research sphere. At first Moltmann’s critical treatment of Greek philosophy shall be systematically reconstructed, and then from this reconstructive perspective the author will reorganize the basic thinking-seeds of the conception of Moltmann’s hermeneutics of hope, which develops from his criticism of the Greek philosophical paradigm. The original text of this essay concentrates on Moltmann’s first classics: Theology of Hope and The Crucified God. For the root of his criticisms of Greek philosophy is founded in these two works, i.e. the criticisms on the idea of God as eternal-present-epiphany and His attribute as unchangeability, apathy and indifference.
This essay shall start with a genetic-systematic reconstitution of Moltmann’s criticisms of paradigmatic thinking of Greek philosophy, i.e. logos-idea, epiphany-religion, monotheism and his proof, and the principle of identity or the principle of analogy. Relating to these the author will crystallize the basic thinking-seeds of Moltmann’s hermeneutics of hope: the language of promise vs. the logic of unhistoricity, the eschatological revelation-belief vs. the epiphany-religion, the Christological and Trinity hermeneutics vs. monotheistic metaphysics, and the dialectics vs. the principle of identity or analogy. Finally an attempt at dialog between Plato’s philosophizing as an example of Greek philosophy and Moltmann’s theology shall be made. So far as it is relevant, Heidegger’s thinking as contemporary representative of the ultimate criticism of Greek metaphysics and Gadamer as the master of philosophical hermeneutics and the contemporary advocate of Plato掇 thinking will be introduced in the process of dialog. What is Plato’s view and insight about the highest Good itself as the superior God? Could Moltmann’s criticism on the idea of God in Greek philosophy apply to Plato’s idea of Good itself? How would Heidegger and Gadamer in this question-horizon respond to Moltmann? In this response the dialog-logic, the event of Being and Truth as the interplay between revelation and concealment, the clearing as lighting, and the dimension of the Other, etc., can be introduced in this dialog.
Finally, under the question-horizon of a dialectics of love, the author shall make an open conclusion with the possibility of explorative conception about the relation of Moltmann’s theology to another paradigm of Western philosophy, Hegel. In this context the author will then project the possibility of a dialog between Christianity and the three great traditions of Chinese culture.

並列關鍵字

Moltmann ； Plato ； Heidegger ； Gadamer ； theology of hope ； theology of cross ； Greek philosophy ； nature theology ； hermeneutics ； logos ； promise ； idea of God ； principle of analogy ； dialectics ； dialog