軍事社會學與文武關係

Military Sociology and Civil-Military Relations

洪陸訓(Lu-Hsun Hung)

《通識教育季刊》 5卷4期 (1998/12) Pp. 65-90

https://doi.org/10.6745/JGE.199812_5(4).0004

摘要

本文的主要目的，首先，在於探討西方國家有關軍事社會學和文武關係的意義、研究發展概況和研究主題，並由簡要分析中，歸納出其綜合意義和發展趨勢；其次，將此一領域介紹給國內學者及軍事決策者參考，並希望共同致力於此一領域之研究。本文發現如下：
1.軍事社會學可界定為：是運用社會科學的理論和方法，以武裝人員的心理和行為，武裝力量的組織體制和機制，以及武裝人員和武裝力量對其所處國內外政治、社會環境的互動關係為對象，所進行的科學研究的一門學科。
2.文武關係可界定為：是指武裝力量的組織和成員與社會的組織和成員之間的關係。這種關係表現於武裝力量與社會二者之問，在組織整體、領導者、精英團體和其他成員之不同層次上的關係。
3.軍事社會學是社會學的分支，也是軍事科學之一文武關係原是軍事社會學的主題之一，但已可發展成另一學科一「軍事政治學」。軍事社會學和文武關係的研究主題隨主客觀環境演變，有重疊之處，但因社會學者和政治學者的不同取向而有不同的詮釋。
4.軍事社會學的發展趨勢，是由微觀的個人的心理和行為研究取向，發展為宏觀的團體的組織的運作研究取向。換言之，由最初置重點於對軍人的服役動機、心理適應和作戰（士氣）表現的探討，擴大到對軍事組織結構特性與其與政治、社會互動關係的研究；由對非正式小團體的研究，發展到兼顧大規模正式組織的研究；此外，武裝力量之運用於作戰任務逐漸轉移到使用在和平維護任務上，以及軍事生活與家庭生活的緊張關係，也逐漸成為研究的焦點。

關鍵字

文武關係 ； 軍工複合體 ； 軍事專業主義 ； 軍事政治學 ； 軍事社會學

並列摘要

The main objective of this paper is to explore the meaning, research and development status, and investigative themes of military sociology and civil-military relations. Further, via elementary analysis, it attempts to identify the overall significance and developmental trends of three undertakings. Secondly, it attempts to introduce this field of study to scholars and military policy decision-makers in Taiwan, with the hope that more will join in investigation of this field. This study makes the following discoveries
1. Military sociology can be defined as an academic discipline which applies the theories and methodologies of social science to the psychology and behavior of armed personnel, the organizations and mechanisms of the armed forces, and the interaction of armed personnel, the armed forces, and the domestic political and social environment.
2. Civil-military relations can be defined as the relationships between the organizations and members of the armed forces, and the organizations and members of society. These relationships are manifested in relations at different levels between overall organizations, leaders, elite groups, and other members within the armed forces and society at large.
3. Military sociology is a branch of sociology, as well as one of military science. Civil-military were formerly a theme of investigation in military sociology, but can now be developed into a discipline known as military political science. In line with developments in the objective and subjective environments overlap exists among military sociology and civil-military relations research topics, yet owning to differences of orientation sociologists and political scientists reach different interpretations.
4. Military sociology has moved from an orientation toward investigation of micro individual psychology and behaviors, to the macro investigation of the operations of groups and organizations. In other words, the emphasis has shifted from inquiry into motivations for military service, psychological adjustment, and performance in battle (morale) among military personnel, and expanded to incorporate investigation of the structural characteristics of military organizations and their sociopolitical interaction. From investigation of small informal groups, research has developed to take into account large formal organizations. In addition, the shift in employment of armed forces from war making to peace-keeping missions, as well as the tensions between military life and family life, are increasingly becoming the focus of investigation.

並列關鍵字

military sociology ； military political science ； civil-military relations ； military professionalism ； military-industrial complex